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Physiology II E3 > T3 Autonomic NS > Flashcards

T3 Autonomic NS Flashcards

1
Q

Efferent activity of the ANS is largely regulated by what?

A

reflexes, baroreceptor

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2
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

located in the major systemic arteries sensing blood pressure.

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3
Q

What happens if BP decreases?

A

sensory impulses to the vasomotor center of the brainstem decreases. Heart rate increases and vascular resistance increases.

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4
Q

Preganglionic neurons of ANS cell bodies are located where?

A

within the CNS

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons of ANS cell bodies are located where?

A

peripheral ganglia

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6
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the ANS are myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

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7
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the ANS are myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

unmyelinated

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8
Q

Preganglionic neurons use what neurotransmitter?

A

Ach

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9
Q

Postganglionic neurons use what neurotransmitter?

A

ach (parasympathetic) and norepinephrine (sympathetic)

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10
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on glands?

A

secretion of large amounts of sweat

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11
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on glands?

A

strongly stimulates lacrimal, nasal, salivary and GI glands of upper tract.

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12
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on heart?

A

increase in heart rate and strength of contraction

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13
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on heart?

A

decrease in heart rate and strength of contraction

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14
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on systemic blood vessels?

A

constricts most blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on systemic blood vessels?

A

has almost no effect

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16
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on arterial pressure?

A

results in acute increase in arterial pressure but little long term

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17
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on arterial pressure?

A

decreases pumping of heat but little effect on bp

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18
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS in general?

A

inhibits most ectodermal structures (GI, respiratory, endocrine, auditory, urinary)

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19
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS in general?

A

excites most endodermal structures

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20
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on eyes?

A

pupil dilation

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21
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on eyes?

A

pupil constriction and lens focusing

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22
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on GI tract?

A

strong stimulation inhibits peristalsis. GI tract is not normally dependent on sympathetic stimulation

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23
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on GI tract?

A

promotes peristalsis and relaxes sphincters

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24
Q

Where do the cell bodies of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lie?

A

in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

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25
Q

All preganglionic neurons are _______.

A

cholinergic

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26
Q

Where doe post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons pass?

A

through the gray rami

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27
Q

What type of fibers are postgang sympathetic?

A

C fibers

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28
Q

Post gang symp fiber innervate muscles that…?

A

constrict blood vessels, piloerect hair, and change heart rate and force of contraction

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29
Q

Cervical sympathetics supply the face and thoracic viscera and are considered _________.

A

postsynaptic

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30
Q

What are the functions of the cervical/thoracic sympathetic chain?

A
  • coronary artery dilation
  • increase heart rate
  • bronchodilation
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31
Q

What is the location of the thoracic sympathetic chain?

A

lies against neck of ribs and costovertebral junction

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32
Q

There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T2 goes where?

A

to neck

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33
Q

There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T3-6 go where?

A

to thorax

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34
Q

There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T7-11 go where?

A

to abdomen

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35
Q

There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T12-L2 go where?

A

lower extremity

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36
Q

Splanchnic nerves are composed of _______ fibers and visceral sensory fibers.

A

pregang

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37
Q

What do the splanchnic nerves supply?

A

abdominal viscera

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38
Q

Where do the splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

prevertebral ganglia

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39
Q

All preganglionic neurons are __________.

A

cholinergic

40
Q

Where do the greater splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

celiac ganglion

41
Q

Where do the lesser splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

42
Q

Where do the least splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

aorticorenal ganglion

43
Q

Where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion

44
Q

What are the steps of NE synthesis

A
  • hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa
  • decarbox of dopa to dopamine
  • transport of dopamine into vesicles
  • hydroxylation of dopamine to NE
  • once neuron is stimulated, NE is released where it binds receptor depending on affinity
45
Q

What happens after NE is released?

A
  • broken down in cleft
  • recycled via NE transporter
  • taken up in to circulation
46
Q

NE recycling?

A
  • small amount is returned to vesicles
  • most is metabolized and metabolites are released into circulation
  • metabolites broke down to COMT, which is found in all tissues.
47
Q

NE excites mainly _____ receptors

A

alpha adrenergic

48
Q

Epinephrine excites ______ and _______ receptors.

A

alpha and beta adrenergic

49
Q

What type of functions are alpha adrenergic receptors associated with?

A

sympathetic functions like iris dilation, vasoconstriction, bladder sphincter contraction and inhibition of neurotransmitter release

50
Q

what are the functions of beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

A

cardioacceleration, increased myocardial strength, lipolysis

51
Q

what are the functions of beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

vasodilation, intestinal relaxation, uterus relation, bronchodilation, calorigenesis, glycogenolysis, bladder wall relaxation

52
Q

what are the functions of beta 3 adrenergic receptors?

A

thermogenesis

53
Q

What are the drugs that block adrenergic activity?

A

reserpine, propranolol, and metoprolol

54
Q

What is the function of reserpine?

A

block synthesis and storage of NE

55
Q

What is the function of propranolol?

A

block sympathetic beta 1 and beta 2 receptors

56
Q

What is the function of metoprolol?

A

block mostly sympath beta 1 receptors

57
Q

What is the function of beta blockers?

A

block beta adrenergic receptors, and attenuate the actions of the sympathetic system by decreasing heart rate

58
Q

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

A

fatigue, hypotension, bradycardia, associated with negative changes in blood lipid profiles, and associated with higher glucose and insulin levels.

59
Q

What is the effect of alpha 1 blockers?

A

decrease blood pressure

60
Q

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by what?

A

sympathetic system

61
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

80% epinephrine and 20% NE

62
Q

Are secreting cells of the adrenal medullar pre or post gang?

A

post gang

63
Q

What are the functions of circulating NE?

A

constricts blood vessels of body, increases heart activity, inhibits GI tract, dilates pupil

64
Q

What are the functions of circulating epinephrine?

A

raises arterial pressure to a lesser extent than NE, increases CO more than NE, 5-10x great effect on metabolism as NE, increases metabolic rate of whole body (up to 100% above normal).

65
Q

Alarm or stress response occurs when there is a mass discharge of the entire sympathetic system. What are the results?

A
  • increased arterial pressure
  • rerouting of blood flow to active muscles
  • increased rates in cellular metabolism
  • increased blood glucose concentration
  • increased glycolysis in liver and muscle
  • increased muscle strength
  • increased mental activity
  • increased blood coagulation rate
66
Q

What is the location of the post gang parasympath fibers, and what neurotransmitter do they use?

A

located in the wall of the organ; ach

67
Q

What are the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic signals?

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

68
Q

What is the path of the sacral parasymp nerves and what do they supply?

A

pass through the spinal nerve sacral plexus on each side of S2 and S3, and supply the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and external genitalia

69
Q

What is the preganglionic pathway of the oculomotor nerve?

A

from edinger-westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion

70
Q

What is the postganglionic pathway of the oculomotor nerve?

A

from the ciliary ganglion to the pupillae muscle

71
Q

What is the motor function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

innervate the skeletal muscles of the eyes

72
Q

What is the parasympath function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

constrict pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles

73
Q

What is the preganglionic pathway of the facial nerve?

A

from the superior salivatory and lacrimal nuclei to the submandibular/sublingual ganglia

74
Q

What is the postganglionic pathway of the facial nerve?

A

to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and mucous gland

75
Q

What is the motor function of the facial nerve?

A

primary nerve to the muscle of facial expression, innervates muscles of the inner ear

76
Q

What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?

A

carries sensation of taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue

77
Q

What is the parasymp function of the facial nerve?

A

stimulates mandibular and sublingual glands to increase the flow of saliva, stimulates the nasal mucosa

78
Q

What is the preganglionic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

from inferior salivatory nucleus to otic ganglion

79
Q

What is the postganglionic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

to parotid gland

80
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • carried general sensation and sensation of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • skeletal muscle to stylopharyngeus muscle
  • injury can result in impaired swallowing
81
Q

What is the longest nerve in the human body?

A

vagus nerve

82
Q

vagus nerve pierces diaphragm and becomes what nerve?

A

gastic nerve

83
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the heart?

A

lowers heart rate

84
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the GI tract?

A
  • controls taste and saliva
  • increases stomach acidity, digestive secretions and gut flow
  • role in controlling blood glucose balance
  • assists in releasing bile
85
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the kidneys?

A

promotes general function (filtration)

86
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the repro sys?

A

helps control fertility

87
Q

What are some effects of vagus nerve dysfunction?

A

IBS, anxiety, depression, high/low HR, difficulty swallowing, esophageal reflux, migraines

88
Q

What enz catalyzes the reaction of acetyl coa and choline to acetylcholine?

A

choline acetyl-transferase

89
Q

What enz catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine to choline and acetate ion?

A

acetylcholinesterase

90
Q

________ is a poison from toadstools, and receptors are found on all effector cells stimulated by postgang cholinergic receptors.

A

muscarinic receptors

91
Q

What adrengeric receptors are found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between pre and post gang neurons, and are present in NMJ in skeletal muscles>

A

nicotinic receptors

92
Q

What is the mechanism of muscarinic receptors?

A

G protein

93
Q

What is the mechanism of nicotinic receptors?

A

ion channels

94
Q

What are direct parasymp cholinergic drugs that bind to ACH receptors?

A

nicotinic or muscarinic

95
Q

What is an indirect parasymp drug function?

A

inhibit cholinesterase

96
Q

Tear gas and sarin are ______ drugs

A

parasymp

97
Q

What is primarily used to treat glaucoma and overdose is similar to nerve agents?

A

carbachol

Physiology II E3 (8 decks)

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