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biology paper 1 daniya > T2 organisation > Flashcards

T2 organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells that work for a similar function and have a similar structure

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2
Q

define organ

A

group of tissues working together for a specific function

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3
Q

define organisms

A

organs grouped which work together, organ systems

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4
Q

name 3 main nutrients

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids (fats)
  3. protein
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5
Q

what happens during digestion to molecules?

A

big molecules get broken down into smaller molecules so it can be absorbed through the bloodstream

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6
Q

what are the stages to digestion?

A

1.food is chewed inside the mouth and enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules
2.food then passed down the esophagus into the stomach. Enzymes begin to digest proteins
3.the churning action of the stomach muscles turn into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest
4.fluid then passes into the small intestine
5.chemicals are released into the small intestine from the liver and pancreas
6.the pancreas releases enzymes which continues the digestion of lipids

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7
Q

what are enzymes?

A

large protein molecules which also catalyse chemical reactions

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8
Q

what is protean broken down into?

A

proteases

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9
Q

what are lipids broken down into?

A

lipase

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10
Q

what are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

carboghydrases

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11
Q

where are protease found in?

A

small intestine
pancreas and stomach

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12
Q

where are amylase found in

A

salvia and pancreatic fluid

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13
Q

where are lipase found In

A

small intestine and pancreatic fluid

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14
Q

what happens to enzymes when temperatures increase?

A

they move faster leading to more successful collisions per second between the active site and substrate

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15
Q

what happens to enzymes are optimum temperature?

A

there is a maximum frequency of successful collisions between the active site and substrate

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16
Q

what happens to enzymes past the optimum temperature?

A

the activity of the enzyme rapidly decreases to zero

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17
Q

at high temperatures what do enzymes do / look like

A

the molecules vibrate and change shape of the active site

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18
Q

what happens if we make the PH more acidic or more alkaline

A

PH drops to zero

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19
Q

what does amylase break down into?

A

starch molecules into simple sugars

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20
Q

what is the test for the effect of pH on amylase?

A
  1. place one drop of iodine solution into each well spotting tile
  2. take 3 test tubes
  3. 1st tube, add 2cm*3 of starch solution
  4. 2nd tube , add 2cm*3 of amylase solution
  5. 3rd tube, add 2cm*3 of pH5 buffer solution
  6. place 3 tubes into a water bath at 30 degrees and leave it for 10 minutes to allow the solution to reach correct temperature
  7. combine the 3 solutions into one test tube and mix with a stirring rod. return to water bath and start a stopwatch
    8.after 30 seconds use a stirring rod to transfer one drop of the solution to one well in the spotting tile which contains iodine
  8. iodine should go black/blue showing starch is present
  9. take sample every 30 seconds until the iodine turns into an orange colour
  10. orange tells us starch is no longer present
  11. repeat experiment using different pH buffers like pH 6 7 8
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21
Q

name 2 problems with the test for the effect of pH on amylase

A
  1. only taking the sample every 30 seconds means we only have an approximate time for reaction to complete. take sample every 10 seconds
  2. looking for the time when iodine doesn’t turn blue-black isn’t always obvious so bring several people to look at the spotting tile.
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22
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

add iodine solution
turns orange- blue/black

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23
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars?

A

add benedict’s solution
turns blue - green/yellow/brick-red

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24
Q

what is the test for protein?

A

add biurets solution
blue- lilac/purple

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24
Q

what is the test for protein?

A

add biurets solution
blue- lilac/purple

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25
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

add ethonal
turns cloudy

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26
Q

how long is the average human small intestine?

A

5 metres

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27
Q

what does the small intestine have millions of inside?

A

villi

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28
Q

what does villi have to increase the absorption of molecules?

A

a large surface area

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29
Q

what is inside of the villi called?

A

microvilli

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30
Q

what do microvilli also have?

A

a large surface area

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31
Q

what does the villi have so the bloodstream rapidly removes products of digestion?

A

a very good blood supply

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32
Q

what does the blood supply in the villa increase?

A

the concentration gradient

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33
Q

what does the villi have that assures a short diffusion path?

A

a thin membrane

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34
Q

what happens when diffusion can no longer absorb molecules?

A

does active transport

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35
Q

what are the stages on the heart?

A
  1. vena cava bring in deoxygenated blood from the body
  2. the blood passes from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary artery, the lungs collect oxygen.
  3. oxygenated blood from the lungs goes back into the heart in the pulmonary vein
  4. the oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the aorta
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36
Q

what do the valves in the heart prevent?

A

backflow when the ventricle contracts

37
Q

what side of the heart is thicker and why?

A

the left as it pumps blood to the rest of the body

38
Q

where does the right side of the heart only pump blood to?

A

the lungs

39
Q

why does the coronary arteries branch out of the aorta and spread into the heart muscles?

A

to provide oxygen to the muscle cells for respiration and contaction

40
Q

what is the natural resting heart controlled by?

A

a pacemaker

41
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry very high pressure of blood from the heart or organs in the body

42
Q

what are 2 characteristics of arteries and why?

A
  1. have very thick muscular walls, so they can withstand the high pressure of blood
  2. contain elastic fibres, these stretch when the surge of the blood passes through and recoils in between surges to keep the blood moving
43
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

move substances )like glucose and oxygen) from the blood to the cells

44
Q

what does carbon dioxide do in the capillaries?

A

diffuse out of the cell to the blood

45
Q

why do capillaries have very thin walls?

A

so diffusion path is short

46
Q

what are 2 characteristics of veins and why?

A
  1. have thin walls, the blood pressure is low so it doesn’t need to be thick
  2. contain valves, to prevent backflow
    valves open to allow blood through and close to stop blood from moving backwards
47
Q

what 4 things do blood contain?

A

platelets
white blood cells
red blood cells
plasma

48
Q

what do plasma transport around the body?

A

dissolved substances

49
Q

what are the stages for plasma transportaion?

A
  1. transports soluble digestion products like glucose from the small intestine to the lungs
  2. transports carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs
  3. transports urea from the liver to the kidney
50
Q

what do red blood cells transport?

A

oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

51
Q

what are haemoglobin?

A

oxygen carrying molecules

52
Q

what is it called when haemoglobin carry oxygen?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

53
Q

why do red blood cells not contain a nucleus?

A

for a greater surface area for more haemoglobin

53
Q

why do red blood cells have dimples?

A

for a greater surface area for diffusion of oxygen to work in and out of the cells more rapidly

54
Q

what are the dimples in haemoglobin called?

A

biconcave disk

55
Q

what are white blood cells responsible for?

A

forms part of the immune system for example antibodies

56
Q

why do white blood cells contain a nucleus?

A

to store DNA which encodes the instruction given to do their job

57
Q

what are platelets?

A

fragments of cells which help blood to clot

58
Q

what are 3 advantages for donating blood?

A
  1. replaces blood loss
    2.given platelets to help with clotting
  2. given proteins that are extracted from blood which are useful for
    example antibodies
59
Q

what are the problems of donating blood?

A
  1. risk of infections that lead to diseases and death
  2. has to be the same blood type or they will die
60
Q

what is cardiovascular disease?

A

a problem with the heart and blood vessel

61
Q

is cardovascular disease communicable or non communicable?

A

non communicable

62
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

layers of fatty build up in the coronary arteries which go narrow and reduce blood flow causing lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

63
Q

what are 2 treatments of coronary heart disease?

A
  1. statins, drugs that reduce level of cholesterol in the blood
  2. stent, metal tube that’s inserted to keep it open and allow blood to flow
64
Q

what happens when heart valves do not fully open?

A

causes heart to pump harder which can cause it to enlarge as blood isn’t allowed through and can make a person weak and tired

65
Q

what are the 2 treatments of heart valves

A
  1. mechanical valve
  2. animal valve
66
Q

what is a disadvantage of an animals valve?

A

need replacing

67
Q

what is a disadvantage of a mechanical valve?

A

can cause blood clotting and need drugs to be taken regulary

68
Q

what is a disadvantage of donated hearts?

A

not enough available
need drugs in case of rejection from immune system

69
Q

what is a disadvantage of an artificial heart?

A

increased risk of blood clotting
has a short time period

70
Q

what does the trachea contain large rings of?

A

cartilage so it prevents it from collapsing during inhalation

71
Q

what does the bronchi subdivide into?

A

bronchioles

72
Q

what does alveoli do?

A

make sure gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream

73
Q

what are 3 advantages for alveoli?

A

large surface area
thin walls
very good blood supply

74
Q

what can lead to uncontrolled growth and mitosis?

A

changes in genes

75
Q

what are benign tumours?

A

growth of abnormal cells in one area

76
Q

what is an example of an environmental cause linked to cancer?

A

radon

77
Q

what is radon?

A

radioactive gas that has ionising radiation which damages the DNA in cells, this risks to lung cancer

78
Q

define communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread person the person by pathogens eg virus and bacteria

79
Q

define non communicable disease

A

a disease that cannot spread eg coronary heat disease

80
Q

what are carcinogens?

A

cigarette smoke that contains chemicals which damage DNA and increase risk of lung cancer

81
Q

what are 2 risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

a diet containing high fat and low vegetable intake
a died containing high salt which can increase blood pressure

82
Q

what do epidermal cells make?

A

epidermal tissues

83
Q

what is the upper epidermis transparent?

A

to allow light to come through to pass to photosynthesise cells

84
Q

what does the waxy cuticle do?

A

reduces evaporation of water from the surface of the leaf

85
Q

what does the stomata do?

A

allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen to leave the cell
controls the amount of water vapour that can pass out of the leaf

86
Q

what does palisade mesophyll contain?

A

chlorophyll used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis

87
Q

under the palisade mesophyll what does the spongy mesophyll do?

A

has air spaces for carbon dioxide the diffuse from stomata through spongy mesophyll to palisade cells

88
Q

what are the factors that effect transpiration?

A
  1. greater temperatures, more evaporation
  2. dryer conditions, works faster
  3. increase wind conditions
  4. light intensity

biology paper 1 daniya (4 decks)

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