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biology paper 1 daniya > T1 cell structure > Flashcards

T1 cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

an animal and plant cell which contains DNA enclosed in its nucleus

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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a bacterial cell which doesnt contain its DNA in a nucelus

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3
Q

what is a cytoplasm?

A

a watery solution which speeds up a chemical reaction

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4
Q

what is a mitochondria?

A

a cell where aerobic respiration takes place

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5
Q

what is a ribosome

A

where site of protein synthesis takes place

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6
Q

name 3 parts of a plant cell and animal cell does not have

A

vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

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7
Q

what are cell walls made of and what does it do?

A

celluouse, strengthens the cell

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8
Q

what does the long tail in a sperm cell allow it to do?

A

allows it to swim to ovum and streamlined to make it easier

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9
Q

what substance is a sperm cell packed full off?

A

mitochondria for the energy

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10
Q

what do the enzymes on the head allow it to do?

A

digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum

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11
Q

how much of the dna is inside a sperm cell

A

50%

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12
Q

what do nerve cells do?

A

send electrical impulses around the body

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13
Q

what is the role of axon?

A

carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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14
Q

what is the role of myelin?

A

speeds up the transmission of the nerve impulses and insulates axon

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15
Q

what is the role of the synapse?

A

they are gaps in the nerve cells which allow impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

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16
Q

what is the role of dendrites?

A

increase surface area so nerve cells can connect more easily

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17
Q

do muscle cells get shorter or longer when they contract?

A

shorter

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18
Q

what do muscle cells contain which can change length?

A

proteins

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19
Q

why do root hair cells have a large surface area?

A

allows them to absorb more water and dissolved minerals more easily

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20
Q

why do root hair cells not contain chloroplasts?

A

because they are underground

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21
Q

are xylem cells dead or alive cells?

A

dead

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22
Q

what do xylem cells carry?

A

water and dissolved minerals through process of transpiration

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23
Q

what is the role of lignin?

A

provides strength and supports plants by thick walls

24
Q

what do phloem cells not have and a limited amount of?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm

25
Q

what is the centre of a microscope called?

A

stage

26
Q

what are the stages to use a microscope?

A
  1. place slide onto stage and put it on the lowest objective lens (4x)
  2. position the objective lens so it almost touches the microscope slide
  3. slowly turn the coarse focusing dial, when it almost touches the slide stop turning dial
  4. look down through eyepeice
  5. slowly turn coarse focusing dial, this increases the distance between objective lens and slide
    6.do this until cells comes into focus
  6. fine focusing dial to bring cells into a clearer focus
27
Q

what is better, a light or electron microscope? and why

A

electron as it has a greater resolution and magnification

28
Q

what is the equation for magnification?

A

image size/ real object size

29
Q

what are chromosomes made up off?

A

DNA

30
Q

where are chromosomes found in?

A

nucleus

31
Q

what is the first stage of meiosis?

A

DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosomes

32
Q

what is the second stage of meiosis?

A

cell also grows and copies the internal structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes

33
Q

what is the third stage of meiosis

A

mitosis takes place, one set if chromosomes is pulled to each ends of the cell and the nucleus also divides

34
Q

what is the last stage of meiosis?

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical daughter cells

35
Q

what is mitosis essential for?

A

growth and development of multicellular organism (eg. plants and animals)

36
Q

what does mitosis take place for?

A

when an organism repairs itself

37
Q

is mitosis asexual or sexual?

A

asexual

38
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other cell types

39
Q

what is an example of an adult stem cell?

A

bone marrow

40
Q

what do the stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into to form?

A

cells in our blood

41
Q

what can adult stems not do unlike embryo cells?

A

cannot differentiate into other cells

42
Q

how do you treat cancer of bone marrow?

A

destroy using radiation

43
Q

what do bone marrow divide and form into

A

new bone marrow and form new blood cells

44
Q

what are 2 problems of donating bone marrow?

A
  1. done has to be compatible with the patient otherwise the white blood cells produced by donated bone marrow could attack the patients body
  2. risk of viruses can be passed from donor to patient
45
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A

an embryo with the same genes as the patient

46
Q

what is an advantage of therauptic cloning?

A

stem cells from the patient can be transplanted without being rejected by the patients immune system

47
Q

what can meristems do inside a plant cell?

A

differentiate into any type of plant tissue, at any point of the plants life

48
Q

what is an advantage of meristem?

A

clone any rare plant to stop it from going extinct and produce more crops for farmers

49
Q

what is diffusion?

A

spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of a higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration

50
Q

what is the gas inside the body that we have a higher concentration of in the cell than oxygen?

A

carbon dioxide

51
Q

name 2 waste products in the body?

A

urea and carbon dioxide

52
Q

what 3 factors effect diffusion?

A

temperature- higher = greater rate as more kinetic energy
concentration
surface area- larger= greater diffusion

53
Q

what is the definition of osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

54
Q

what does a partially permeable membrane do?

A

allow some molecules to pass through but not all

55
Q

what is the practical of osmosis in a plant tissue?

A
  1. Peel the potato as the potato skin can affect osmosis
  2. use a cork borer to produce 3 cylinders of potato as they have the same diameter
  3. cute the 3 cylinders into the same length
  4. measure the length using a ruler and measure the mass of the potato using a balance
  5. Place the cylinders into 3 individual test tubes
  6. Fill one tube with 10cm^3 of 0.5 molar sugar solution
  7. fill the second tube with 0.25 molar sugar solution
  8. Fill the last tube with 10cm^3 of distilled water
  9. Leave overnight so osmosis can take place
  10. Remove cylinders from tube and roll them on paper towel to remove any surface moisture
  11. Measure the length and mass
56
Q

what is the equation for percentage change?

A

(change in value / original value ) x 100

57
Q

define active transport?

A

moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient

biology paper 1 daniya (4 decks)

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