T2 November CA

Question 1

Define Isotope

Answer 1

An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Same atomic # different mass #

relative atomic mass of the most abundant isotope.

Question 2

Cation and Anion

State the ion charges

Answer 2

Electrons are lost to form a **CATION **

Electron are gained to form an **ANION **

1+

2+

3+

3-

2-

1-

Question 3

Define Electronegativity

Answer 3

The relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself

Equal Sharing= **non-polar **

unequal sharing= **polar **

Question 4

Molecular Geometries

Answer 4

• 2 bonding 2 lone= bent 105
• 3 bonding 0 lone= trigonal planar 120
• 2 bonding 0 lone= linear 180
• 3 bonding 1 lone= trigonal based pyramid 107
• 4 bonding 0 lone= tetrahedron 109.5

Question 5

How do you determine if the geometry is polar or non-polar?

Answer 5

• If you can touch only positive its polar
• If you can touch both its polar

Use H₂S for example

Question 6

Atomic Theory

Answer 6

**Democratius- **All things are composed of minute, invisible, indestructible particles

**John Dalton- **Atoms bond together in definite proportions

**J.J Thompson- **Discovered the electron and described the ‘plum pudding’ model where these electrons were surrounded by positive charge.

**Ernest Rutherford- **Discovered a positively charged nucleus

**Niels Bohr- **Found that electrons orbit the nucleus in distinct energy levels or shells

Erwin Schrodinger- Described mathematically the paths of the electrons moving in an area

Question 7

As you move down the group, the reactivity of the alkali metals ______________, while the reactivity of the halogens ____________.

Explain why

Answer 7

increases, decreases

As you go down group 1, the number of electron shells increases – lithium has two, sodium has three etc. Therefore, the outermost electron gets further from the nucleus.

Question 8

**Atomic # **

**Mass # **

Answer 8

1. Atomic #= # of protons and electrons in a neutrally charged atom
2. Mass # = # of protons + # of neutrons

Question 9

Define diapole moment

Answer 9

. The product of magnitude of charge and distance of separation between the charges

Question 10

What the prefixes for Covalent Nomenclature?

Answer 10

1. Mono (**is not used on first element) **
2. Di
3. Tri
4. Tetra
5. Penta
6. Hexa
7. Septa
8. Octa
9. Nona
10. Deca

Remember: Put ide on the second element

Question 11

Polyatomic Ions

Answer 11

• OH^-= hydroxide
• NO₃^-= nitrate
• CO₃^2-= carbonate
• SO₄^2-= sulfate
• PO₄^3-= phosphate
• NH₄⁺= ammonium

^<b>​</b>**Ag= +1 ALWAYS **

**Zn= +2 ALWAYS **

**Al= +3 ALWAYS **