T2) Individualistic Theories✅

Question 1

What does individualistic theories consist of?

Answer 1

• psychodynamic🧠

- social learning👀

Question 2

🧠Psychodynamic:

Who are the 3 criminologists?

Answer 2

1. Freud
2. Bowlby
3. megargee

Question 3

1)🧠Psychodynamic - Freud:

What did Freud say was the reason for his some one becoming criminal?

Answer 3

He said it was down to some ones psyche (personality)

Question 4

🧠Psychodynamic- Freud:
What does the psyche consist of?
When does Freud say the psyche develops in some ones life?

Answer 4

• The id , ego and superego

- Within the first 5 years of life

Question 5

🧠Psychodynamic- Freud:

What are the 3 superego’s he says result in criminality? Explain them

Answer 5

1. Weak superego= don’t see criminal/ bad behav. As wrong , developed as a result of abnormal relationships in infancy
2. Deviant superego= behaviours learnt of same sex criminal parent
3. Strong superego= strong guilt, can either commit crime to be punished or minor emotions build up into something more aggressive and serious

Question 6

🧠Psychodynamic- freud:

What is Freud’s reality principle?

Answer 6

Children progress from the pleasure principle (id,immature) to reality principle (ego, mature)
Criminals are those who don’t successfully make the transition between pleasure to reality

Question 7

🧠Psychodynamic- Freud evaluation:

✅ state some strengths of Freud

Answer 7

✅ logical idea - someone’s psyche makes them criminal
✅3 forms of superego all account for being criminal
✅contributed towards research about crime and behav in particular the focus on childhood experiences and the importance on future behav

Question 8

🧠Psychodynamic- Freud evaluation:

❌state 3 limitations of Freud

Answer 8

❌lacks quantitative data
❌unscientific and subjective theory, he knew the patients
❌how can you possibly test the accuracy of the unconscious mind?

Question 9

2)🧠Psychodynamic- Bowlby:

What did bowlby look at?
How many juveniles did he study?

Answer 9

1. Looked at the effects of maternal deprivation during early infancy
2. 44

Question 10

🧠psychodynamic- Bowlby:

1. What percentage of delinquents (criminals) experienced motherly separation for at least 6 months during the first 5 years of their lives?
2. How many in the control group of non criminals?

Answer 10

1. 39%

2. 5%

Question 11

🧠psychodynamic- Bowlby:

What was the term he referred to a criminal as who had experienced maternal deprivation?

Answer 11

“Affectionless psychopathy”

Question 12

🧠psychodynamic- Bowlby evaluation:

✅state a strength of Bowlby

Answer 12

✅makes sense, if some one lacks a close relationship with their mother they may not know right from wrong and become criminal - lack of adequate socialisation from a young age

Question 13

🧠psychodynamic- Bowlby evaluation:

❌state 3 weaknesses of Bowlby

Answer 13

❌small , unrepresentative sample
❌over estimates early life experiences
❌time consuming and subjective- other factors can lead someone to criminality

Question 14

👀social learning- bandura
What did bandura believe?
What was the name of his experiment?

Answer 14

1. Said some one becomes criminal by observing others actions and copying them
2. Bandura’s bobo doll experiment

Question 15

👀social learning- bandura:

1. How many nursery children did he study?
2. How many groups were there? What did they all watch?

Answer 15

1. 72 children
2. 3 groups of 24:
   Group1- watched an adult be aggressive to the doll
   Group2- watched a non- agressive adult
   Group3- watched no adult , just improvised

Question 16

👀social learning- bandura:
1. What did he find out about children in group 1 with the agressive adult?

2. what gender was more physically agressive?
3. Who was more verbally agressive?

Answer 16

1. They copied the behaviour and came up with new ways of being aggressive such as using toy guns
2. Boys
3. they were both as bad as eachother

Question 17

👀social learning- bandura:

What did he conclude from his study?

Answer 17

That criminal behaviour is learnt through “observational learning”
Often showed from the media or adults

Question 18

👀social learning - bandura:

1. Who supported bandura? What did they say?
2. What was the term he came up with?

Answer 18

1. Sutherland supported bandura and claimed ppl learn attitudes off association with others
   Accounts for high reoffending rates
2. “Universities of crime” - ppl learn worse behaviours off others for example in a prison some one could go in bad and learn even worse behaviours and come out a lot worse

Question 19

👀social learning- bandura evaluation:

✅what are some good things about banduras theory

Answer 19

✅solid control groups - produced reliable results
✅many studies back this up
✅explains the Jamie bulger case on the train track - the murders watched a lot of child’s play 3

Question 20

👀social learning- bandura evaluation:

❌what are 3 criticisms?

Answer 20

❌small sample size , doesn’t uncover more long term effects - lack of ecological validity
❌unethical study - could be disturbing for little kids to witness violent behaviour
❌cumberbatch said those who had never played w a bobo doll before were 5x more likely to immitate aggression as they had never been shown any other way to play with it correctly

Question 21

megergee:
(AO1)

what term did he use?

what did megergee want to find out?

what did blackburn say to support this?

Answer 21

‘over controlled offender’

why when a person with no previous convictions has the inability to express emotions so they build up and results in crime

found that violent offenders tended to have fewer previous convictions and lower levels of aggression

Question 22

megergee:
(AO3)

❌list 3 limitations of megergee

Answer 22

❌subjective approach
❌unscientific - only explains behaviour after it’s happened
❌doesn’t separate whether they don’t experience anger normally or they experience it they just don’t express it