T2) Biological Theories✅

Question 1

What does biological theories consist of?

Answer 1

Genetics & physiology

Question 2

(Genetics 🧬 )

What are the three studies of genetics?

Answer 2

1. Jacobs XYY⟵
2. Twin studies
3. Adoption studies ⟵

Question 3

🧬-jacobs XYY

What does jacobs xyy believe?

Answer 3

Believe crime is down to chromosome activity

Question 4

🧬- jacobs XYY

What does it mean if you have an extra why chromosome?

Answer 4

Your known as ‘hyper masculine’ and agressive and therefore more likely to be criminal

Question 5

🧬 - jacobs XYY

how many newborns are born with an extra ‘y’?
And
How many times more likely are XYY males likely to commit crime compared to normal XY males?

Answer 5

1. 1/1000

2. 10x

Question 6

🧬 - jacobs XYY evaluation:

✅State a strength of jacobs xyy

Answer 6

✅ statistics back the fact that men with an extra ‘y’ chromosome have higher levels of aggression

Question 7

🧬 - jacobs XYY evaluation:

❌State 3 criticisms of jacobs XYY?

Answer 7

❌Theilgard found that aggression was not associated with xyy
❌stereotypical- xyy men commit non violent crimes therefore doesn’t account for aggression intensity
❌Genetic abnormalities are wide spread

Question 8

🧬 - adoption studies

What was the aim of adoption studies?

Answer 8

To separate the impact of environment (nurture) versus inheritance (nature)

Question 9

🧬 - adoption studies

What did the study in Iowa show about imprisoned females?

Answer 9

That adopted individuals born to an imprisoned female offender had a higher rate of crime convictions in the future

Question 10

🧬 - adoption studies

What did hutchings and mednick find out when studying 14000 adopted children?

Answer 10

Found that a high proportion of adopted boys with criminal biological parents were more likely to be criminal themselves

Question 11

🧬 - adoption studies evaluation:

✅identify 2 strengths of adoption studies

Answer 11

✅ compares how children behave in comparison to their adoptive parents

✅ evidence to support the fact that criminality and antisocial behaviour is linked to inheritance in genes

Question 12

🧬 - adoption studies evaluation:

❌state 3 criticisms

Answer 12

❌ doesn’t consider age of adoption which can make a huge difference
❌children are places into similar adoptive families to them
❌info about biological parents isn’t always accessible

Question 13

(Physiological🧍🏽‍♂️)

What are the 2 studies?

Answer 13

1. Lombrosso

2. Sheldon

Question 14

👨🏽 - lombrosso

What did he believe made some one a criminal?
Give examples

Answer 14

He believed ‘atavistic’ features made some one criminal

e.g: long ears, limbs, large jaws, chins, monobrows, extra fingers

Question 15

👨🏽 - lombrosso

What did he call these abnormalities?

Answer 15

Stigmata

Question 16

👨🏽 - lombrosso

What were the stats he found regarding the amount of characteristic men and women need

how did he find this out?

Answer 16

Men= 5+ atavistic features to be criminal 
Women= 3+ ft. To be criminal

studied Italian prisoners vs Italian soldiers

Question 17

👨🏽 - lombrosso evaluation:

❌list limitations

Answer 17

❌no control group - too simplistic
❌DeLisi claims its scientifically racist saying. Those of an African decent are most likely to be criminal
❌highly stereotypical and most of the time inaccurate , can’t generalise
❌ignores other factors eg social, environemntal
❌too deterministic

Question 19

👨🏽 - lombrosso evaluation:

❌list limitations

Answer 19

❌no control group - too simplistic
❌DeLisi claims its scientifically racist saying. Those of an African decent are most likely to be criminal
❌highly stereotypical and most of the time inaccurate , can’t generalise
❌ignores other factors eg social, environemntal

Question 20

👨🏽 - lombrosso

What did lombrosso say about ppl with tattoos?

Answer 20

He said it’s a marking of criminality bc it shows immorality & insensitivity to physical pain

Question 21

🧍🏻- sheldon

What did sheldon believe criminality was down too?
What were the three types?

Answer 21

1. Body type
2. 3 types=
   - ectomorphic= thin (private)
   - endomorphic=fat (sociable)
   - mesomorphic= masculine (aggressive)

Question 22

🧍🏻 - sheldon

Who did he find out to be most and least likely to commit crime?

Answer 22

He found convicts are most likely to be mesomorphs and ectomorphs are less common

Question 23

🧍🏻 - sheldon evaluation:

✅state some strengths of this study

Answer 23

✅ 3 clear and precise categories

✅male’s reflect high testosterone

Question 24

🧍🏻 - sheldon

Who did he say committed the most violent crimes?
What’s did he link aggression too?

Answer 24

1. Mesomorphic men

2. Mesomorphic build reflects high levels of testosterone

Question 25

🧍🏻- sheldon evaluation:

❌state some limitations

Answer 25

❌ body shapes can change - stereotypical
❌other body types can be criminal too
❌meso’s may be at target of deviancey by gangs
❌some one can’t control there body but can control their actions