T2 - Exam 1 - Biochemistry

Question 1

What are C Elegans and why are the important?

Answer 1

• There are 959 cells in each C Elegans
• We know the function and lineage of each cell
• We know the total genome ladder of each cell therefore we can determine which genes are activated in order to create the cells = **DIFFERENCIATION **

Question 2

Prokaryotic, Animal Cell and Plant Cell Function

Answer 2

Prokaryotic

• Flagella: movement
• Ribosomes: protein synthesis
• Nucleic Region: storage of DNA
• Cell Wall: Provides structural support for when water enters the cell
• Cytoplasm: Metabolic reactions occur (making energy)
• Pili: adhesion and sexual conjugation
• Plasma Membrane:

**No membrane bound organelles and no nucleus **

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bacterial_cell.gif

**Animal Cell **

• Cell Membrane: selective permeable for entry and exit of waste
• Mitochondria: converts glucose+oxygen into ATP
• Rough Endoplamic Reticulum: packages proteins to be sent inside or outside proteins
• Golgi Apparatus: Takes proteins from RER and tells them where to go
• Nucleus: Storage site of DNA and genetic info.
• Smooth ER: Transport system for liquids and nutrients inside the cell

**http://cat200lajones3.wikispaces.com/file/view/animal_cell_worksheet.jpg/238063023/418x305/animal_cell_worksheet.jpg **

**Plant Cell **

• Cell membrane: semipermeable for entry and exit of certain substances
• Cell Wall: is a rigid structure outside the cell membrane that supports and protects the cell
• Golgi Apparatus: Takes proteins from RER and tells them where to go
• Large Vacuole: storage of nutrience and water
• Cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located
• Ribosomes: where protein synthesis takes place
• Chloroplast: Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts.
• Mitochondria: converts glucose+oxygen into ATP
• Smooth ER: Transport system for liquids and nutrients inside the cell
• Rough Endoplamic Reticulum: packages proteins to be sent inside or outside proteins http://cat200lajones3.wikispaces.com/file/view/plant_cell_worksheet.jpg/238062991/380x277/plant_cell_worksheet.jpg

Question 3

What are he differences between an Animal Cell, Plant Cell and Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 3

1. Animals Cells and Prokaryots don’t have chloroplasts but, plants do as they make their own food.
2. Plant Cells contain one large vacuole whereas Animal Cells contain many small ones
3. Bacteria have a cell wall (protein+sugar) plants have a cell wall (cellulose) and animal cells have no cell wall
4. Plants cells do not have Lysosomes which helps to break down waste
5. Only animal cells have a centriole (organelle which helps the cell divide)

Question 4

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 4

• All cells are surrounded by plasma membrane ** (10nm)**
• The phospholipid bilayer consists of a glycerol and a fatty acid taiol
• The tails are hydrophobic (water hating) whereas the heads are hydrophilic (water loving)
  
  • Tails are non-polar and therfore non water soluble
  • Phosolipid is made up of phosphate head with glycerol in the middle=polar and water solubl
• The head and tails controls what goes in and out of the cell
• Therefore the phospholipids produce a bilayer
  
  • Water free section of bilayer in the middle
  • Tails of phosolipids do not attract one another allows for fluidity if there is a disturbance it will maintain its shape

Side note: Polar dissolves in Polar= like dissolves in like

Question 5

Proteins in the membrane

Answer 5

Non Trans Membrane Protein: ex. Protein Carrier and or glucose transportes

Integral Protein (stuck in membrane) ex. Sodium Channel=**CHANNEL PROTEINS **

Transmembrane goes across

Peripheral Protein: stuck inside or outside atom- hormone binding site

Glyco protein: protein with chain of glucose

Gylco lipid: Used for rejection (attached to head)

Question 6

Functions of the proteins

Answer 6

1. Cell-to-cell communication
2. Hormone Binding Site
3. Channels for passive transport
4. Cell Adhesion
5. Immmobilized enzymes
6. Active transport pumps

Question 7

Most frequently occurring elements in living things

Answer 7

**CHONPS **

1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. oxygen
4. phosphorus
5. Sulfur

Also important elements:

• Sodium
• Calcium
• Potassium

Question 8

Hydronium and Hydroxyl Ion

Answer 8

• 1 out of every 500 mil. water molecules will dissosciate
  
  • spilts into and H+ (hydronium) or OH- (hydroxyl)
• The Hydronium ion usually bons to a water molecule→H₃0⁺ (proton)
• When there is a high concentration of H⁺ions the substance is base
• When there is a high contentration of OH^-then the substance is an acid
• If the substance dissosciates easily then it is a strong acid

DISSOSCIATION= when a water molecule spilts into H⁺and OH^-

Question 9

What is a buffer?

Answer 9

A buffer is something that resists the change in pH by absorbing hydronium or hydroxyl ions

Question 11

Stem Cells

Answer 11

• Function/job of the cell is undecided
• 2 kinds of embryonic stem cells regenerate themselves