T2:Development Dynamics Flashcards
What is the development of a country?
Development is the economic, social and political progress a country or people make.
What is demographic data?
All data linked to population changes: birth rate, death rate etc.
What is maternal mortality?
Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth
What is the difference between malawi and the uk population on a chart
The uk has much more people over the age of 30
Malawi has a longer base as there are more children
What is the rostow theory?
A country goes through 5 stages ranging from traditional society to high mass consumption
What is the frank dependency theory?
The core represents the developed, powerful nations of the world (i.e. North America, Europe), and the periphery consists of ‘other’ areas (poorer), which produce raw materials to sell to the core. The periphery therefore depends on the core for its market.
What are tncs?
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are companies that produce and sell products and are
located in more than one country – e.g. Apple.
How do tncs help globalisation?
TNCs help increase globalisation by linking together countries through the production and
sale of goods – such as Nike employing people in Turkey to make trainers
What is an export-processing zone (EPZ)
EPZ is an industrial estate, usually a fenced-in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in
manufacturing for export.
Definition of site
Site of a settlement is the land upon which it occurs
What is the highest populated country in the world?
India which has over 1.4 billion people
What type of job has gone up and down?
Up- services(office jobs)
Down-agriculture(farming)
Entry question 2
How is india managing to develop
Definition of geopolitical
International relations influenced by geographical factors.
Definition of superpower
Country that have influence anywhere in the world
What is literacy rate?
Percentage of people in a population who can read and write at a basic level. It’s often measured in individuals over the age of 15.
One demographic factor has prevented development in Malawi.
Malawis high birth rate
What is the human development index?
A score between 0-1 that includes a country’s health, wealth and education.
Two ways India’s economy has changed since 1990.
. Agriculture going down while service jobs are going up
. Literacy rate ( percentage of 15 year olds who can read and write)
What is the top down and bottom up aid in india?
Top-down aid- large-scale projects planned by central governments, international organizations, or large NGOs. Focus on infrastructure, economic development, and societal needs.
Bottom-up aid aims to help local people or individual projects, without requiring government support or direction.
What is development?
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, living standards, and quality of life.
Types of development to consider?
Economic: Income, industry
Social: Education, healthcare
Physical: Clean water, food
Political: Freedom, stability
Mental wellbeing: Happiness, safety
How is development measured?
GDP per capita
HDI (Human Development Index)
Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
Gini Coefficient (inequality)
What is HDI?
Composite index: life expectancy, education, income.
Score 0–1 (0 = low, 1 = high).
India’s HDI ≈ 0.645 (medium development).
What causes uneven development?
Physical: Natural hazards, poor soils, landlocked
Historical: Colonialism, exploitation
Economic: Trade imbalance, debt
Political: Corruption, conflict
Consequences of poverty?
Economic: Poor healthcare, undernutrition
Social: Illiteracy, disease, no clean water
Environmental: Overuse of resources
Political: Unstable governance, migration
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
5 stages showing changes in birth/death rate and population over time.
India is in Stage 3: falling birth rate, increasing life expectancy
Why does population structure matter?
Youthful populations = strain on education & jobs.
Ageing populations = pressure on healthcare & pensions.
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up:
Top-down: Government or international-led (e.g., dams, highways).
Bottom-up: Local, small-scale (e.g., microloans, solar panels).
Where is India?
South Asia, bordered by Pakistan, China, Nepal, etc.
7th largest land area, 1.4 billion people.
What is India’s physical geography like?
Diverse: Himalayas, Thar Desert, Ganges plains, tropical south.
Monsoon climate; rivers like Ganges vital for farming.
Cultural & social features of India?
1,500 languages, Hindu majority (80%), caste system.
Rapid urbanisation (30% in 1990 → 34% in 2020).
How has India’s economy changed?
From agriculture to services and industry.
Primary ↓, secondary stable, tertiary ↑ to 46%, ICT boom.
FDI in India – what’s attracted it?
Large population, English-speaking, improving infrastructure.
SEZs created, low tax, good education levels.
Which sectors drive growth?
ICT & Outsourcing (e.g., BT, Infosys)
Pharmaceuticals
Tourism: 6.4% of GDP, 22 million jobs
Manufacturing: ‘Make in India’ campaign
Demographic dividend?
India has a young population = potential for a large workforce.
But education and skills gap must be addressed.
Benefits to people?
Literacy ↑ (male: 82%, female: 65%)
Life expectancy ↑ (51 → 69 years)
Access to better jobs, education, healthcare
Environmental challenges?
Air pollution: 13 of 20 most polluted cities
Water pollution: Ganges unsafe in many regions
Urban pressure: sewage, housing shortages
International influence?
Member of BRICS, G20, Commonwealth
Growing global voice at WTO, UN, IMF
Wants a permanent UN Security Council seat
Aid and trade partnerships?
Receives aid (e.g., UK in past), but also gives aid to neighbours
Trade growth with USA, EU, China
Fairtrade initiatives to improve farmer incomes
Geopolitical influence rising?
Working with BRICS and regional countries
Large workforce and growing middle class
Set to become 3rd largest economy by 2030
Gini Coefficient
India has rising inequality despite growth.
Rich urban areas vs. poor rural states like Bihar.
