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BIO 1130 > T12/T13 - Evolution of animas > Flashcards

T12/T13 - Evolution of animas Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some advantages/disadvantages of switching sexual reproduction to parthogenesis?

A

Parthogenesis = form of asexual reproduction

Dis;

  • less diverse population
  • losing some potentially beneficial alleles leading to potential reduction in fitness
  • reduces chance for new genetic combinations

Ad;

  • does not need a mate
  • population does not go extinct
  • females do not incur 2-fold cost for reproduction output
  • produces female offspring
  • eliminates energy spent on finding a mate
  • good if there are not enough males
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2
Q

What is an animal?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotroph (organic source of carbon to produce its own organic molecules
  • Breathes oxygen = aerobic/oxidative respiration
  • Able to move
  • Able to reproduce sexually (sometimes asexually too)
  • Cells organized into tissues
  • Development goes through blastula stage
  • Absence of cell way - extracellular matrix with interconnected proteins to maintain cohesion and structural support
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3
Q

What is an example off an animal that is not a heterotroph?

A

Elysia chlorotica - sap sucking slug

  • steals chloroplasts (kleptoplast) from algae but are not transmitted to next generation
  • allows for some transfer of photosynthetic protein genes into slug’s genome
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4
Q

What are cadherins?

A

Proteins involved in cell to cell attachment

Animal caherins also contain the cytoplasmic cadherin domain (CCD)

  • A highly conserved region not found in the choanoflagellates
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5
Q

What does multicellulairty require?

A

The evolution cell adherence (attachment) and cell signaling (communication)

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6
Q

How are sponges specialized and different from us?

A

Sponges have choanocytes and amoebocytes

Choanocytes = resemble choanoflagellates (feeding by filtration)

Amoebocytes = transport nutrients to other cells and can differentiate into any other cell

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7
Q

Why do sponges contrast with Eumetazoa (a branch underneath) ?

A

Sponges (porifera) do not have true tissues

  • cells are not connected together and are not separated from other tissues by membranous layers (epithelial tissue we see in all other animals)
  • do not contain neurons
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8
Q

Describe reproduction in animals

A
  • Life cycle is dominated by the diploid phase; diplontic life cycle
  • 2 haploid games are produces by meiosis and do not undergo mitosis; unicellular haploid phase (non-motile egg and flagellated sperm)
  • all animals reproduce sexually - some can also do asexual
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9
Q

What is an example of asexual reproduction in animals?

A

Fragmentation in sponges and flatworms (planaria)

  • presence of neoblasts; undifferentiated stem cells that can regenerate an entire organism
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10
Q

What is parthogenesis?

A

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
(zebra shark, ner mexico whiptail…)

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11
Q

What is radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry?

A

Radial = central axis, no anterior or posterior

Bilateral = dorsal and ventral sides, anterior region (mouth/sensory organs), posterior region (tail, anus, feeding, locomotion)

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12
Q

What are hox genes? What is their role?

A

Hox genes = homeotic genes, regulatory genes that control the placement/spatial organization of body parts by controlling the developmental fate of group cells

  • gives rise to identity of tissues, orientation, segmentation, repetitions…

Role = development of animal embryos, they control the expression of over 100 other genes to determine morphology

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13
Q

What is a larva?

A

Sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult

  • will usually eat different food and live in a different habitat than the adult (less competition)
  • tadpoles into adult frogs
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14
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

Developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature (butterflies)

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15
Q

What is a blastula?

A

Diploid zygote undergoes mitosis without cell growth

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16
Q

What is gastrulation? What does this form?

A

The formation of a gastrula through infolding

Formation of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts

  • from 1 layer to multilayer structures; cell layers will now have different functions
17
Q

During the 8-cells stage, what can cell divisions undergo?

A

Spiral cleavage = oblique to the axis of the body

Radial cleavage = parallel to the axis of the body (cells sitting on top of one another)

Determinate cleavage = each cell defines a specific part of the embryo

Indeterminate cleavage = each cell has the potential to produce a complete embryo (each cell has all the genes to produce any part of the embryo)

Gastrulation (gastrula) = formation of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts

Blastopore = develops into; mouth (protosomes = mouth 1st) or the anus (deuterstomes = mouth 2nd)

18
Q

What is the archenteron? How does this relate to the blastopore?

A

Archenteron = primitive gut (external environment)

Blastopore is the opening of the archenteron

19
Q

What are the 3 embryonic tissues?

A

Endoderm (inner)

Mesoderm (middle)

Ectoderm (outer)

20
Q

How do animal with radial vs bilateral symmetry differ in their embryonic tissues?

A

Radial = Ectoderm and endoderm

  • Diploblastic

Bilateral = Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

  • Triploblastic
21
Q

What is the coelom?

A

The cavity lined by tissues derived from the mesoderm between the digestive tract and outer body layer

  • some triploblastic animals lost the coelom (acoelomates)
  • organs are suspended in the coelom and become more specialized (more effecient digestion, increased production and storage of gametes)
22
Q

What are some functions of body cavities?

A
  • Structural support of the body (skeleton/hydrostatic skeleton)
  • Transport and diffusion system (nutrients, gas exchanges, waste elimination)
  • Allow the growth of organs and their independent movements
23
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A dorsal, longitudinal and flexible rod from the mesoderm along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordates

  • gives structural support (spine in vertebrates)
24
Q

What are some factors the surface to volume ratio influences?

A
  • heat conservation
  • metabolic activity
  • exchanges (nutrients/gases)

As organism gets smaller, S-V ratio decreases, heat loss is decreased for larger organisms, SA is proportionally smaller for larger organisms

25
Q

What does the source of heat and constancy of the internal env. tell us about an organism?

A

If the source of heat is internal (metabolism) = endotherm

If the source of heat is external (sunlight) = ectotherm

If there exists a mechanism to attentuate the variations of the interal environment when the external environment flucuates = homeotherm (regulator)

If the variations in the internal environemtn can be tolerated when the external environment fluctuates = poikilotherm (conformer)

26
Q

What are invertebrates? What kind of group do they form?

A

Invertebrates = absence of backbone (spine)

Forms a paraphyletic group

27
Q

What are some features that chordates possess?

A

Notochord (muscles attach to the notochord for locomotion)

Dorsal nerve chord

Pharyngeal slits behind the mouth (filtration during feeding)

Post-anal tail with a skeleton and muscles

28
Q

What are the 3 modes/reproduction of internal fertilization of chondirchthyes

A
  1. Oviparous; egg laying and external hatching
  2. Ovoviviparoud; embryo feeds from the egg’s yolk then hatches in the uterus
  3. Viviparous; embryo feeds from the mother through the placenta and until birth
29
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

“Four limbs” with digits

Allowed for new land niches and adaptations leading to colonization of land

30
Q

What are some adaptations that led to the colonization of land?

A
  • Support of the body against gravity
  • Breathing in the air
  • Hearing in the air
  • Resistance against dry environments
  • Vascular system with lungs and organs
31
Q

What are amniotes?

A

Air insulation (during embryo stage) and ventilation (thoracic cage)

32
Q

What are 4 embryonic membranes found in amniotes?

A
  1. Chorion = outer membrane (gas exchange)
  2. Amnion = surrounds the cavity (mechanic protection)
  3. Allantois = surrounds the disposal sac (metabolic wastes)
  4. Yolk sac = stock of nutrients
33
Q

How did the evolution of the amniotic egg lead to the independence of tetrapods from aquatic environmenets?

A
  • Provides air insulation and the embryo does not dry (moist env. in the egg)
  • Allows gas exchange, nutrition and metabolic waste disposal (in aquatic env these were done by diffusion with surrounding water)
  • Provides mechanical protection

BIO 1130 (15 decks)

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