t1 tissue engineering

Question 1

Regenerative medicine (definition)

Answer 1

Is a board of concept to define those innovative medical therapies that will enable the body to repair, replace, restore and regenerate damaged or disease cells, tissues and organs.

Question 2

3 main approaches of regenerative medicine

Answer 2

The three mains approaches of regenerative medicine are Cell therapy.
Gene therapy and tissue Engineering

Question 3

Tissue engineering (definition)

Answer 3

Is a new development in biomedicine, involving a serie of strategies, the key element of which is the use of biologically based mechanisms in order to repair and heal damaged and disease tissue

Question 4

Difference between cell therapy and TE

Answer 4

Cell therapy just inject cells. Tissue engineering is fabricated using live cells that normally are associated in one way or another to a matrix or scaffold that may be natural, synthetic or a composite of both

Question 5

What does TE combine?

Answer 5

Combine biological material like cells, proteins, lipids with artificial material like polymers, ceramics and composites

Question 6

TE strategies

Answer 6

• Implanted scaffolds (synthetic or natural), which involve cells and growth factors to induce human tissue regeneration
• Use bioactive biomaterials that promote new tissue formation and repair in situ

Question 7

Key Elements TE

Answer 7

Cells, scaffolds, biomaterials, 3D architectures / bioreactors, biosensors

• The architectures and materials are different in all the tissues, like for example if you regenerate bone you need a hard material and if you regenerate brain you need a soft material

Question 8

Bioreactor (definition)

Answer 8

Is the place where the cells are grown, control all the physical parameters for the cell to maturate, to know if the cell are alive, healthy monitoring the oxygen levels and glucose level to know if the cells are eating

Question 9

Cells (general)

Answer 9

Differentiated -> cells already specialised
Stem cells -> is differentiated

Own patient (auto) (autologous) Another human (alo)
From an animal (xeno)

Question 10

Bone marrow (BMSCs)

Answer 10

Contains Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) able to form different tissue

Question 11

Adipose tissue (ASCs)

Answer 11

Contains cells similar to MSCs

Question 12

The 2 sources (BMSCs and ASCs) contain:

Answer 12

cells with high proliferation and caps in to produce at least bone, cartilage and adipose tissue

Question 13

Proliferation of MSC (mesenchymal stem cells)

Answer 13

Proliferation can be studied by means of DNA

Question 14

During differentiation and maturation of MSC (enzymes)

Answer 14

Measurable specific enzimes are produced for the bone phenotype (alcaline phosphatase and osteocin)

Question 15

Cellular cross - talk

Answer 15

The cells are surrounded by other cells, the matrix like:
- Stem cells and inmuno-system cells
- Stem cells and differentiated cells
- Different cells from the same tissue

Question 16

Cellular reaction (stimuli)

Answer 16

Biochemical Physicochemical Mechanical Electromagnetic

Question 17

Cellular reaction (reaction)

Answer 17

• Differentiate
• Migrate
• Proliferate
• Apoptosis

Question 18

Scaffolds (types)

Answer 18

Porous, biodegradables, bioactives
Examples: Foams, gels, tissues, complex structures

Question 19

Biomaterial (definition)

Answer 19

A biomaterial is any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose - either a therapeutic diagnostic one. As a science, biomaterials is about 50 years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering.

Question 20

Biomaterial (1987)

Answer 20

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems

Question 21

Biomaterial (1999)

Answer 21

A biomaterial is a material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ, or function of the body”

Question 22

Future of biomaterials (definition)

Answer 22

A biomaterial will be a material which deliver signals to the cells form the patient when are implanted. The host tissue is able to recognise them as own normal tissue and they are reabsorbed o actively remodelled, while new tissue if formed

Question 23

Examples of biomaterials

Answer 23

• Synthetic polymers (PLLA/PLGA)
• Ceramics (P-Ca)
• Natural polymers (Collagen)
• Composites (P-Ca + collagen)

Question 24

Biomaterials design (specific response - surface)

Answer 24

Micro and nanostructured topography Biofunctionalization

Question 25

Biomaterials design (biodegradability)

Answer 25

• Controlled degradation rate
• Release of compounds/cells
  + Growth factors
  + Drugs
  + Gens (Plasmids)

Question 26

Fist generation biomaterials

Answer 26

Materials used industrially in other applications that are requested to be inert in the human body environment.

Question 27

Second generation biomaterials

Answer 27

2 different approaches: designed to be 1) bioactive (bioactive glasses: composed of Na2O-CaO-P2O5-SiO2) and 2) reservable (Polylactic acid)

Question 28

Third generation biomaterials

Answer 28

By combining these two properties, they are being designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level in order to help the body to heal itself