T1

Question 1

What is Tissue Engineering (TE)?

Answer 1

A branch of biomedical engineering that focuses on developing biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.

Question 2

Define bioengineering.

Answer 2

A field integrating engineering with life sciences to address biological or medical problems.

Question 3

What are some significant global challenges addressed by TE?

Answer 3

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Cerebrovascular diseases
• Road traffic accidents
• Cancers
• Dementias

Question 4

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 4

Bone weakening, increasing fracture risk.

Question 5

What is arthritis?

Answer 5

Joint inflammation, causing pain and stiffness.

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Regenerative medicine aims to ______, ______, ______, and ______ cells, tissues, and organs.

Answer 6

repair, replace, restore, regenerate

Question 7

List the three primary approaches of regenerative medicine.

Answer 7

• Cell Therapy
• Gene Therapy
• Tissue Engineering

Question 8

What significant historical event occurred in 1997 related to TE?

Answer 8

Transplantation of chondrocytes using a polymer-cell construct to develop engineered cartilage.

Question 9

Who described TE in 1988, and what was the focus of that description?

Answer 9

Skalak described TE as applying engineering and life sciences principles to understand tissues and create biological substitutes.

Question 10

What are the key elements of Tissue Engineering?

Answer 10

• Cells
• Scaffolds
• Biological mechanisms

Question 11

What types of cells are included in Tissue Engineering?

Answer 11

• Differentiated cells
• Stem cells

Question 12

Define autologous cells.

Answer 12

Cells obtained from the same person.

Question 13

Define allogenic cells.

Answer 13

Cells obtained from another human.

Question 14

Define xenogeneic cells.

Answer 14

Cells obtained from an animal.

Question 15

What are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)?

Answer 15

Stem cells found in bone marrow and adipose tissue that can differentiate into various tissues.

Question 16

What is cellular cross-talk?

Answer 16

Communication between different cell types.

Question 17

What are the four cellular reactions influenced by stimuli?

Answer 17

• Differentiation
• Migration
• Proliferation
• Apoptosis

Question 18

What are scaffolds in tissue engineering?

Answer 18

Porous, biodegradable, and bioactive structures supporting cell growth.

Question 19

List the types of materials that scaffolds can be made of.

Answer 19

• Foams
• Gels
• Complex structures

Question 20

What defines biomaterials?

Answer 20

Any engineered substance interacting with biological systems for medical purposes.

Question 21

Give examples of synthetic biomaterials.

Answer 21

• Synthetic Polymers (e.g., PLLA/PLGA)
• Ceramics (e.g., calcium phosphate)
• Natural Polymers (e.g., collagen)
• Composites

Question 22

True or False: Non-degradable biomaterials break down in the body.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

What is the significance of surface topography in biomaterials?

Answer 23

It affects cell interaction.

Question 24

What historical advancements in medicine are noted?

Answer 24

• Introduction of anaesthesia in 1847
• Introduction of antiseptics in 1865

Question 25

What were the criteria for biomaterials selection?

Answer 25

• Mechanical resistance
• Lightness
• Sterilizability
• Availability in different shapes

Question 26

List the generations of biomaterials.

Answer 26

• First Generation: Inert materials
• Second Generation: Bioactive and resorbable materials
• Third Generation: Stimulates cellular responses

Question 27

What are some ongoing challenges in biomaterials?

Answer 27

• Intraocular Lenses (IOL)
• Hip Prostheses
• Vascular Grafts
• Heart Valves
• Percutaneous Devices