T1/ LECT 1 Flashcards
Introduction
how does science progress
- explain simply
theory > hypotheses/predictions > Empirical evidence
what is empirical evidence?
information gained through observation and experimentation
livescience, 8 Feb 2022
what is theory?
comprehensive explanation, based on body of facts that have been repeatedly corroborated through observation and experiment. Used to make predictions about events that have not yet been observed.
Give couple examples of Theory
e.g:
Darwin - evolution/natural selection
Newton: Laws of motion/gravitation
Festinger - Theory of cognitive dissonance
what is Hypothese?
- testable
- abt the relation of 2 or more variable
- deducted from theories
- tested against evidence
what is falsification?
logical possibility that an hyp /theory can be falsified
give examples of falsification?
e.g
can be own example or /
- ‘all swans are white’
can be falsified by finding a black swan etc.
what are ‘BEST’ theories?
- popper 1934
- easy to falsify
- only been corroborated by evidence
- have lots of different way to turn out wrong
- yet all attempts to falsify failed.
what are pseudo-scientific theories?
Unfalsifiable
what are scientific theories?
falsifiable
when you falsify a theory….
new predictions can be made
discover new science can be discovered
What is a scientific fact?
an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed & excepted as tru
when new evidence is discovered?
- is the evidence is real?
- does is contrdict current theory
yes? new theory
no? how can current theory be inproved?
what is variable?
factor that is liablke to change
types of variable?
categorical
numerical
- independent - changed to see how dv is effected
- dependent - observed the changes
examples of variability
- growth
- time
- experimental manipulation
IV & DV in experiments:
- iv is manipulated
- measurment/observation of dv
IV & DV in correlational studies:
- both iv & dv measured at same time
what is operationalization?
turning abstract conceptes ideas into measurable observations
abstract concepts in psychology
- motivation
- personality
- working memory
- attention
- intelligence
causal effects:
iv & dv need to show effect
dv must be controlled
logical explanation about the effect of iv on dv
list :
ethis in psychological research
- minimising risk/harm
- informed consent
- not incentivizing risk/harm
- proper debreifing
- confidentiality
- withdrawal right
list:
ethics in working with animals
- minimizing all:
- pain
- suffering
- fear
- distress
- frustration
- boredom
- lasting harm
ethics in milgrams experiment:
risk & harm
- ppt exposed to extreme stress situations
- visible distress
- 3 had seices and pleaded to stop
deception
- PPT belived shocking a real person
- unaware of learner confederate
argument :
- ppt stress reduced after debreifeing
- ppt overpaied to compensate risk
- verbal prods to not let ppt leave
