T1/ LECT 1

Question 1

how does science progress

- explain simply

Answer 1

theory > hypotheses/predictions > Empirical evidence

Question 2

what is empirical evidence?

Answer 2

information gained through observation and experimentation

livescience, 8 Feb 2022

Question 3

what is theory?

Answer 3

comprehensive explanation, based on body of facts that have been repeatedly corroborated through observation and experiment. Used to make predictions about events that have not yet been observed.

Question 4

Give couple examples of Theory

Answer 4

e.g:
Darwin - evolution/natural selection

Newton: Laws of motion/gravitation

Festinger - Theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 5

what is Hypothese?

Answer 5

• testable
• abt the relation of 2 or more variable
• deducted from theories
• tested against evidence

Question 6

what is falsification?

Answer 6

logical possibility that an hyp /theory can be falsified

Question 7

give examples of falsification?

Answer 7

e.g
can be own example or /
- ‘all swans are white’
can be falsified by finding a black swan etc.

Question 8

what are ‘BEST’ theories?

- popper 1934

Answer 8

• easy to falsify
• only been corroborated by evidence
• have lots of different way to turn out wrong
• yet all attempts to falsify failed.

Question 9

what are pseudo-scientific theories?

Answer 9

Unfalsifiable

Question 10

what are scientific theories?

Answer 10

falsifiable

Question 11

when you falsify a theory….

Answer 11

new predictions can be made

discover new science can be discovered

Question 12

What is a scientific fact?

Answer 12

an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed & excepted as tru

Question 13

when new evidence is discovered?

Answer 13

• is the evidence is real?
• does is contrdict current theory
  yes? new theory
  no? how can current theory be inproved?

Question 14

what is variable?

Answer 14

factor that is liablke to change

Question 15

types of variable?

Answer 15

categorical
numerical
- independent - changed to see how dv is effected
- dependent - observed the changes

Question 16

examples of variability

Answer 16

• growth
• time
• experimental manipulation

Question 17

IV & DV in experiments:

Answer 17

• iv is manipulated

- measurment/observation of dv

Question 18

IV & DV in correlational studies:

Answer 18

• both iv & dv measured at same time

Question 19

what is operationalization?

Answer 19

turning abstract conceptes ideas into measurable observations

Question 20

abstract concepts in psychology

Answer 20

• motivation
• personality
• working memory
• attention
• intelligence

Question 21

causal effects:

Answer 21

iv & dv need to show effect
dv must be controlled
logical explanation about the effect of iv on dv

Question 22

list :

ethis in psychological research

Answer 22

• minimising risk/harm
• informed consent
• not incentivizing risk/harm
• proper debreifing
• confidentiality
• withdrawal right

Question 23

list:

ethics in working with animals

Answer 23

• minimizing all:
• pain
• suffering
• fear
• distress
• frustration
• boredom
• lasting harm

Question 24

ethics in milgrams experiment:

Answer 24

risk & harm

• ppt exposed to extreme stress situations
• visible distress
• 3 had seices and pleaded to stop

deception

• PPT belived shocking a real person
• unaware of learner confederate

argument :

• ppt stress reduced after debreifeing
• ppt overpaied to compensate risk
• verbal prods to not let ppt leave