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1. Theme 1 > T1 L3: Middle Mediastinum > Flashcards

T1 L3: Middle Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior boundary of the middle mediastinum?

A

T4/5 (The transverse thoracic plane)

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2
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart starting with the vena cava, including the valves

A

Superior and inferior vena cava go into the right atrium, and then through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. Then blood goes through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk and then the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs. From the lungs, the blood goes through the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. Then through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. It will then travel though the aortic valve and into the ascending aorta

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3
Q

What is the function of the auricles?

A

To allow extra volume of blood in the atria

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4
Q

Where is the atrioventricular groove?

A

Between the ventricle and the atrium

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5
Q

Where is the interventricular groove?

A

Between the two ventricles

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6
Q

Through what vessel does deoxygenated blood leave the heart?

A

Via the pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

What vessel branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries?

A

The pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

What is Sinus Venarum and where is it found?

A

Its the smooth walled muscle of atria found where the blood flows. Sinus because it’s close to the opening to where blood flows

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9
Q

Where is pectinate muscle found and what is its function?

A

It’s found in the atria and its function is to help with contraction

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10
Q

What are the 3 vessels through which deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

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11
Q

Where is fossa ovalis located?

A

At the interatrial septum

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12
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

A boundary where the pectinate muscle becomes sinus venarum (smooth muscle)

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13
Q

Describe where the sinal atrial node (SAN) is located

A

The superior part of the crista terminales or the junction between the vena cava and the right atrium

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14
Q

What vessels bring oxygenated blood into the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary veins

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15
Q

What are the trabeculae carneae?

A

The rough muscle found in ventricles

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16
Q

What is the difference between pectinate muscle and trabeculae carneae?

A

Pectinate muscle is in atria, trabeculae is in ventricles

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17
Q

What is the function of trabeculae carbeae?

A

They help with contraction but also prevent surface adhesion between the walls of the ventricles

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18
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

It connects the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle in the apex and carries a current to those muscles

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19
Q

Where is the moderator band located?

A

In the right ventricular apex

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20
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

They connect the the heart wall and help control the function of valves

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21
Q

What are the names of the 2 semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic

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22
Q

What are the names of the 2 atrioventricular valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)

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23
Q

What are the only arteries in the body that have a valves?

A

The pulmonary artery and the ascending aorta

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24
Q

What are the names of the 2 cusps of the bicuspid (mitral) valve?

A

Anterior and posterior

25
Q

What are the names of the 3 tricuspid cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior, posterior and septal

26
Q

Which artery is posterior, the pulmonary or the aortic?

A

The pulmonary

27
Q

Which semilunar valve has a posterior cusp?

A

The aortic valve

28
Q

Which cusps of the aortic valve connect to coronary arteries?

A

The left and right cusp

29
Q

What nerve travels over the pericardium?

A

The phrenic

30
Q

What are the 2 functions of the pericardium?

A

To protect the heart against overfilling and it helps to retain the heart in position

31
Q

What is cardiac distension?

A

When the heart over fills (dilation)

32
Q

Why does bleeding into the pericardium create pressure?

A

Because the heart cant expand further than the pericardium

33
Q

What type of pericardium is external?

A

The fibrous pericardium

34
Q

What type of pericardium is internal?

A

The serous pericardium

35
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A

the parietal and visceral (epicardium) layers

36
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the parietal and visceral pleura

37
Q

Where is serous fluid found within the pericardium?

A

In the pericardial cavity

38
Q

What is the function of serous fluid in the pericardium?

A

It allows for some movement

39
Q

What is a sinus?

A

A space, sac or cavity in any organ or tissue

40
Q

What are the 2 pericardial sinuses?

A

Transverse and oblique sinuses

41
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

Located between the outflow and inflow vessels of the heart

42
Q

Where is the oblique sinus located?

A

Between the pulmonary veins

43
Q

What is the LAD artery?

A

The left anterior descending (anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery)

44
Q

Which coronary artery is the most common site for a blood clot?

A

The LAD (anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery)

45
Q

What are the 1st 2 branches of the left coronary artery?

A

The circumflex and the anterior interventricular

46
Q

Where is the potential anastomosis on the heart?

A

Between the end branches of the anterior interventricular and the posterior interventricular artery

47
Q

Why is the cardiac anastomosis potential?

A

Because it can only occur is the occlusion grows slowly

48
Q

What coronary artery determines dominance?

A

The posterior interventricular

49
Q

What side of the heart is most commonly dominant?

A

The right

50
Q

What is an accessory coronary artery and how common is it?

A

It’s a third artery branching off the ascending aorta and 4% of people have it

51
Q

Which cardiac vein runs along the posterior interventricular groove?

A

The middle cardiac vein

52
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

A

Into the right atrium

53
Q

What is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton in the heart?

A

To act as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles

54
Q

Which nervous system innervates the myocardium and what is its function?

A

The autonomic nervous system and it tells the heart how fast to beat

55
Q

Which plexus do nerves destined for the heart enter?

A

The cardiac plexus

56
Q

What’s the name of the nerve that carries parasympathetic information to the heart?

A

The vagus nerve

57
Q

Where does the vagus nerve loop?

A

Under the subclavian artery on the right and under the aorta on the left

58
Q

Where so sympathetic nerves to the heart come from?

A

From the sympathetic trunk

1. Theme 1 (4 decks)

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