T1 L1: The pleura and the lungs

Question 1

What are the 3 divisions of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 1

Left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity and the mediastinum.

Question 2

When does the respiratory system begin to develop?

Answer 2

At week 4-6

Question 3

What embryological layer does the respiratory system develop from?

Answer 3

The endoderm layer

Question 4

How do lung and bronchial buds form?

Answer 4

From the endodermal out-pouches push the visceral pleura outwards

Question 5

At which part of the lung does the parietal and visceral pleura meet?

Answer 5

At the hilum

Question 6

Where is parietal pleura found on the lungs?

Answer 6

Around their perimeter and is attached to the chest wall

Question 7

Where is visceral pleura found on the lungs?

Answer 7

It covers the outside of the lung

Question 8

What is the function of visceral pleura on the lungs?

Answer 8

It creates a smooth and slippery surface

Question 9

What are the 4 divisions of parietal pleura?

Answer 9

Costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic and cervical

Question 10

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 10

Its the space between the parietal and visceral pleura on the lungs

Question 11

What holds the lungs against the thoracic wall and therefore keeps them inflated?

Answer 11

The serous fluid creates surface tension

Question 12

What is a pneumothorax and what causes it?

Answer 12

A puncture wound through the pleura of a lung which breaks the surface tension and causes the lung to collapse

Question 13

What is a haemothorax?

Answer 13

When a collection of blood gets inside the pleura of the lung and breaks the surface tensions causing the lung to collapse

Question 14

what is a pleural cavity recess?

Answer 14

An area where the parietal and visceral plaura aren’t touching

Question 15

What are the 2 pleural cavity recesses?

Answer 15

The costonmediastinal (only on the left) and the costodiaphragmatic

Question 16

How can the pleural cavity recesses be filled?

Answer 16

During forced inspiration

Question 17

What is the innervation of the different parts of parietal pleura on the lungs?

Answer 17

Cervical - 1st intercostal nerve
Costal - intercostal nerves
Mediastinal - phrenic nerve
Diapgragmatic - lower intercostals and phrenic nerves

Question 18

What type of nervous system innervates the visceral pleura on the lungs?

Answer 18

The autonomic nervous system from the pulmonary plexus

Question 19

Which lung has a lingula?

Answer 19

The left

Question 20

Which lung has a horizontal and oblique fissure?

Answer 20

The right

Question 21

What are the 3 surfaces of a lung?

Answer 21

Costal, mediastinal and diaphramatic

Question 22

What are the 3 borders of a lung?

Answer 22

Anterior, posterior and inferior

Question 23

What is the function of the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 23

It allows space for the hilum during breathing

Question 24

What type of pleura forms the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 24

Parietal pleura

Question 25

Where in the Hilum are bronchi compared to the other sturctures?

Answer 25

More posterior because the trachea sits posteriorly to the vessels leaving and entering the heart

Question 26

How can the bronchi in the Hilum be identified?

Answer 26

They will be lined with cartilage and they will be more posterior to blood vessels

Question 27

Where are pulmonary arteries found in the Hilum compared to Pulmonary veins?

Answer 27

More superiorly

Question 28

How do the lymph vessels/ nodes appear to the eye in the hilum?

Answer 28

Small and darkened

Question 29

What do the bronchial arteries supply in the lungs?

Answer 29

Lungs and visceral pleura

Question 30

What vessel do the left bronchial arteries branch from?

Answer 30

Directly from the descending aorta

Question 31

Which vessel so the right bronchial arteries branch from?

Answer 31

INDIRECTLY from the intercostal arteries of the descending aorta

Question 32

Where do the bronchial arteries terminate?

Answer 32

In the azygous system of veins

Question 33

What nervous system are all viscera in the body innervated by?

Answer 33

The autonomic nervous system

Question 34

What is the effect of sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunk on bronchial musculature?

Answer 34

Dilation

Question 35

What is the effect of sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunk on pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 35

Dilatation

Question 36

What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves from the vagus nerve on bronchial musculature?

Answer 36

Constriction

Question 37

What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves from the vagus nerve on pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 37

Dilation

Question 38

What is the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 38

A chain of ganglia running on both sides of the vertebral bodies

Question 39

Lymph nodes drain towards the Hilum via what 3 types of nodes?

Answer 39

Bronchopulmonary, tracheobronchial (superior and inferior) and paratracheal (tracheal)

Question 40

Describe the respiratory tree

Answer 40

Trachea - primary brochi (main) - secondary bronchi (lobar) - tertiary bronchi (segmental) - bronchioles (terminal/respiratory) - alveolar sacs - alveoli

Question 41

What vertabrae does the trachea run from and to?

Answer 41

C6 - T4/5 (sternal angle)

Question 42

Where is the trachealis muscle?

Answer 42

In the posterior trachea

Question 43

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 43

At the sternal angle into the 2 main bronchi (T4/5)

Question 44

What's the name of the structure that separates the 2 bronchi?

Answer 44

The carina

Question 45

Which main bronchi is wider, shorter and runs more vertically?

Answer 45

The right

Question 46

How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are the in the right lung?

Answer 46

3

Question 47

What do each of the tertiary bronchi supply?

Answer 47

A bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs

Question 48

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?

Answer 48

10 in the right and 8-10 in the left

Question 49

How are bronchopulmonary segments seperated?

Answer 49

By connective tissue

Question 50

What is the clinical importance of the bronchopulmonary segments being seperate?

Answer 50

They can be removed individually during surgery

Question 51

How many generations of conducting bronchioles are there?

Answer 51

20-25

Question 52

What is the conducting zone on the bronchi/bronchioles?

Answer 52

Where no gas exchange happens

Question 53

Do bronchioles have cartilage in their walls?

Answer 53

No

Question 54

What is the respiratory zone of a lung?

Answer 54

Where gas exchange happens

Question 55

What are terminal bronchiole?

Answer 55

They give way to respiratory bronchioles

Question 56

What are the 2 types of cells in the alveoli and what are their functions?

Answer 56

Type 1 pneumocytes - gas exchange | Type 2 pneumocytes - Secretion of pulmonary surfactant

Question 57

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 57

Creates a thin layer that prevents surface tension so the alveoli don't collapse

Question 58

Why won't a premature baby be able to keep their alveoli inflated?

Answer 58

Because even at 26 weeks, the levels of pulmonary surfactant are decreased