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2.2 T1: The endocrine system > T1 L15: Effects of age and diet on endocrine function > Flashcards

T1 L15: Effects of age and diet on endocrine function Flashcards

1
Q

How does our weight change as we age?

A

There is a rise is weight in mid-30’s and then it steadies off between 50-70

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2
Q

How does our insulin resistance change as we age?

A

Insulin resistance increases and peripheral glucose uptake decreases

The prevalence of metabolic syndromes increases with age

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3
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

A constellation of closely associated CV risk factors for which insulin resistance is the underlying pathophysiological cause

Includes:
Visceral obesity
Dyslipidaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Hypertension
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4
Q

What is the gonadal axia?

A

Includes the pituitary gland, testis/ovaries and all the hormones in between like:

  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogens
  • LL
  • FSH
  • Progesterone
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5
Q

What is menopause?

A

Ovarian failure that results in a contestant low level of oestrogen and a high level of LH and FSH

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6
Q

What are some symptoms of menopause?

A

Hot flushes and night sweats.
Causes an increased risk of osteoporosis, Coronary heart disease, and sexual dysfunction

Symptoms last for about 7 years

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7
Q

What is the age of menopause?

A

50 -+2

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8
Q

What are the benefits of hormone replacement therapy post-menopause?

A

Reduced menopausal symptoms

Decreased risk of osteoporosis and therefore fracture risk

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9
Q

What are the risks of hormone replacement therapy post-menopause?

A
  • DVT
  • Breast cancer especially when used for more than 5 years
  • Endometrial cancer if unopposed E2 is used
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10
Q

How does the male gonadal axis change as they age?

A
  • There is a gradual decrease of testosterone
  • Poor association between libido/erectile dysfunction/testosterone

Clinical hypogonadism causes decreased sexual function, increased risk of osteoporosis, and decreased muscle strength

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11
Q

What are the benefits of using testosterone for older men?

A
  • Small improvement in sexual function
  • Increased mineral density of bones
  • Increased lean body mass
  • Decreased fat mass
  • Increased muscle strength

Little/no evidence/insufficient data:

  • Physical function Eg. energy, vitality
  • Cognitive function
  • Mood/quality of life
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12
Q

What is the main cause of erectile dysfunction in older men?

A

Atherogenesis

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13
Q

What is the drug Sildenafil used for?

A

‘Viagra’ is used to treat erectile dysfunction

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14
Q

What are some risks of using testosterone as treatment in older men?

A
  • Benign prostatic hypertrophy/ cancer
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Cardiovascular risk
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15
Q

What are the drugs Bisphosphonates used to treat?

A

Osteoporosis

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16
Q

What are risks of growth hormone treatment?

A
  • Risk of cancer Eg. prostate, colon, breast
  • Increased risk of T2 diabetes mellitus

Side effects: Soft tissue oedema, arthralgias, carpal tunnel syndrome

17
Q

What is arthralgias?

A

Joint stiffness

18
Q

What are the benefits of growth hormone treatment?

A
  • Increased lean body mass
  • Decreased fat mass

No convincing functional benefits demonstrated

19
Q

How do cortisol levels change within the body as we age?

A

The trough increases

Time at trough and peak are both earlier

20
Q

How does thyroid function change with age?

A

Slight increase in TSH with age
T4 stay the same
Decrease in T3 because there is less peripheral T4

21
Q

What happens to insulin, glucose, and insulin sensitivity when the body is in starvation?

A

Decreased insulin
Decreased Glucose
Increased insulin sensitivity

(The opposite of obesity)

22
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

White adipose tissue

23
Q

What is the function of Leptin within the body?

A

It reports nutritional information to the hypothalamus

Eg. Low leptin = increased food intake and decreased expenditure

Leptin concentrations correlate with BMI and body fat. Its also a permissive factor for initiation of puberty

24
Q

What effect does starvation have on testosterone and oestrogen levels?

A

Decreased LH and FSH
Decreased oestrogen and testosterone
Decreased fertility (amenorrhoea)

25
Q

What is the function of Kisspeptin?

A

It’s highly responsive to oestrogen and sex steroids

It has metabolic influences on reproduction and puberty but is meditated by leptin

2.2 T1: The endocrine system (23 decks)

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