T1 Introductory Anatomy & Osteology

Question 1

1.1 Define the standard anatomical position

Answer 1

The standard anatomical position is standing erect, looking forward, feet together and arms by the side. All anatomical positional terminology is relative to this position.

Question 2

1.2 Describe: sagittal plane

Answer 2

Divides into left and right.

Question 3

1.2 Describe: medial (midsagittal plane)

Answer 3

Divides into left and right.

Question 4

1.2 Describe: coronal (frontal) plane

Answer 4

Divides into front and back.

Question 5

1.2 Describe: horizontal (transverse) plane

Answer 5

Divides into top and bottom.

Question 6

1.2 Describe: anterior; posterior (ventral; dorsal)

Answer 6

Closer to the front; closer to the back.

Question 7

1.2 Describe: superior; inferior (cephalic; caudal)

Answer 7

Closer to the top; closer to the bottom.

Question 8

1.2 Describe: medial; lateral

Answer 8

Closer to the midline; away from the midline.

Question 9

1.2 Describe: proximal; distal

Answer 9

Closer to the trunk; away from the trunk.

Question 10

1.2 Describe: superficial; deep

Answer 10

Closer to the skin; away from the skin.

Question 11

1.3 List the major bones comprising the two divisions of the skeleton: the appendicular and axial divisions

Answer 11

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and the limb girdles. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the vertebral column, thorax, pelvis and skull.

Question 12

1.4 List four functions of the skeleton

Answer 12

Protection, support, movement and mineral storage.

Question 13

1.5 Classify bones according to shape and give an example of each type

Answer 13

Long bones (e.g. femur), short bones (e.g. tarsals), flat bones (e.g. skull bones), irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae) and sesamoid bones (e.g. patella).

Question 14

1.6 Describe: trochanter

Answer 14

Roughened bumps for muscle attachment (e.g. greater trochanter of the femur).

Question 15

1.6 Describe: tuberosity

Answer 15

Roughened bumps for muscle attachment (e.g. ischial tuberosity of the hip bone).

Question 16

1.6 Describe: tubercle

Answer 16

Roughened bump for muscle attachment (e.g. greater tubercle of the humerus).

Question 17

1.6 Describe: head

Answer 17

Smooth for articulation (e.g. head of the humerus).

Question 18

1.6 Describe: condyle

Answer 18

Smooth for articulation (e.g. condyles of the femur).

Question 19

1.6 Describe: epicondyle

Answer 19

Roughened area above a condyle (e.g. epicondyles pf the humerus).

Question 20

1.6 Describe: ramus

Answer 20

Bridge of bone (e.g. ramus of the mandible).

Question 21

1.6 Describe: line

Answer 21

Raised for muscle attachment (e.g. soleal line of the tibia).

Question 22

1.6 Describe: ridge

Answer 22

Raised for muscle attachment

Question 23

1.6 Describe: spine

Answer 23

Raised for muscle attachment (e.g. spine of the scapula).

Question 24

1.6 Describe: facet

Answer 24

Small, flat, smooth area, usually for articulation (e.g. articular facets of a vertebra).

Question 25

1.6 Describe: fovea

Answer 25

Small pit (e.g. fovea capitis of the femur).

Question 26

1.6 Describe: fossa

Answer 26

Socket on a bone (e.g. infraspinous fossa of the scapula).

Question 27

1.6 Describe: groove

Answer 27

Shallow furrow (e.g. radial groove of the humerus).

Question 28

1.6 Describe: sulcus

Answer 28

Deeper furrow (e.g. sulcus of the humerus).

Question 29

1.6 Describe: foramen

Answer 29

Hole through a bone (e.g. obturator foramen).

Question 30

1.6 Describe: meatus

Answer 30

Canal in a bone (e.g. the external auditory meatus of the temporal lobe).

Question 31

1.6 Describe: canal

Answer 31

Passage in bone (e.g. auditory canal).

Question 32

1.6 Describe: fissure

Answer 32

Slit through a bone (e.g. inferior orbital fissure).

Question 33

1.6 Describe: sinus

Answer 33

Cavity within a bone, usually air filled (e.g. nasal sinus).