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Humanaties > T1 > Flashcards

T1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Focus of an earthquake

A

The place where the Earthquake begins

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2
Q

What is the epicentre

A

The place on the surface of the earth where the earthquake occurs

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3
Q

The inner most layer of the earth, made of nickel and iron and sits at 5500°

A

Core

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4
Q

The second most inwards layer, liquid iron and nickel

A

Inner core

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5
Q

A 2,900km layer of magma

A

Mantle

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6
Q

The outer most core. 0-60km.

A

The crust

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7
Q

What are the two types of crust and which is denser

A

Oceanic and Continental - oceanic are denser

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8
Q

What are convection currents

A

When the layer of magma in the crust the converge and diverge and create plate movements.

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9
Q

The pacific ring of fire

A

A major area in the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

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10
Q

What could one cause of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

A

The movement of the plates beneath them

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11
Q

What is the Continental Drift Theory.

A

The theory of how the plates move over time that was disregarded due to lack of proof. This can be supported by how the coastlines of Africa and South America fit snugly together. This was later renamed as the Plate Tectonic Theory

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12
Q

What is liquefaction

A

When the shaking of the earth turn mixes water and sand into sludge. This can be very damaging

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13
Q

What is a Natural Hazard

A

An natural event with the potential to cause harm

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14
Q

What is an Extreme Natural Event

A

An extreme natural event is an event that will cause harm

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15
Q

What is climactic

A

An event caused by the weather/atmosphere eg. Tornadoes

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16
Q

What is Tectonic

A

An event caused by the earth’s movement eg. Earthquakes

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17
Q

what are Surface Events

A

An event that takes place on the surface of the earth eg. Bush fires

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18
Q

Are effects of a disaster hard or easy to predict

A

Hard

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19
Q

What are the ranges of the disasters

A

Local (0-20km) national (up to 100km) or global

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20
Q

How many people died in the Christchurch Earthquake

A

185

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21
Q

What was the magnitude and where was the epicentre

A

6.3 and 10km south of Lyttleton business district

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22
Q

Three Social impacts of the earthquake

A

185 deaths, 33% evacuated and people suffered a lack of water

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23
Q

When was the Earthquake

A

12:51pm on 22 February 2011

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24
Q

Three economical impacts (e)

A

Irreparable damage to home and buildings, repairs would take 15-20 years, tourism plummeted

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25
Three Environmental impacts (e)
Many cliff faces collapsed, many animals were left without habitats. Huge fault line, and liquefaction and pollution covered properties
26
When and where (t)
1am Boxing Day 2004. Epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra. The Indian plate subducted under the Burma plate.
27
How many deaths (t)
230k across 14 countries. Worst being Indonesia with 170k
28
Social impacts (t)
230k deaths, many lost jobs and many were left homeless.
29
Economical impacts (t)
66% of the fishing fleet was destroyed. 9.9billion dollars of damage. Tourism was devastated.
30
Environmental impacts (t)
Many sea plants were destroyed eg. Reefs, mangroves. Fish and other animals had died and animals suffered a loss of habitat. Sewage systems were destroyed and water became polluted
31
Magnitude (t)
9.1-9.3 magnitude | 9 on the mercali scale.
32
Give an explanation of the Monserrat volcano
It was dormant for 300 years until 95 and this eruption was in 97
33
When and where (v)
Small Caribbean island at 1:00pm 25 June 1997
34
How many deaths (v)
19
35
Social impacts (v)
19 deaths, many evacuated the town, the capital was covered in mud and ash
36
Economical impacts (v)
The only hospital and airport were destroyed, roads were damaged and tourism flunked
37
Environmental impacts (v)
Animals and their habitats were killed/destroyed. Pyroclastic flows created deltas in the water and killed many fish. The volcano had become disfigured from the explosion and sea plantation was destroyed.
38
White Island eruption time date magnitude and place
9 December 2019, 2:11pm NNE coast of the Bay of Plenty. 2 weeks prior a 5.9 magnitude 10km from the island
39
How many deaths (WIE)
21 killed 26 injured. Rain, low visibility delayed rescues for over a week
40
What kind of eruption had occurred at White Island
Phreatic - a sudden release of steam and volcanic gasses.
41
What is an avalanche
Masses of snow and ice that rapidly fall down a mountain side.
42
How could you escape an avalanche
Try to generate speed and swerve off to the side, get off the slab of snow, reach for a tree or swim really really hard
43
What percent of people survive in 15mins
93%
44
What percent of people survive after 45mins (a)
20-30% rarely anyone will survive after this
45
How are tornadoes formed
When cold air drops and warm air rises and then they end up swirling around each other.
46
What is a waterspout tornado
A tornado the occurs over the water (weak)
47
What is a land spout Tornado
A tornado that occurs over land (can do damage)
48
What is a multiple vortex tornado
A tornado that has multiple heads circling the same centre
49
What is a flood
An overflow of water that submerges land.
50
where do flood normally come from
They sprout from bodies of water
51
What are some effects of a flood
They can damage houses and businesses (urban flooding - land or property) they can also dig up minerals from the ground
52
Flash floods can happen in a couple of minutes (true or false)
True
53
State one reason for an increase in floods.
Sustained rainfall
54
What are some of the main causes for landslides
``` Gravity Erosion Slope weakening Loss or absence of vegetation Earthquakes Deforestation Vibrations Earthwork Construction ```
55
What are some of the main causes for landslides (NZ)
High rainfall Frequent earthquakes Unstable slopes Mostly hill country
56
What is the fire triangle
Oxygen, heat and fuel
57
How were the Aussie fires caused
A prolonged drought and long winds
58
What are some of the Environmental impacts of the Aussie fires
Over a billion animal deaths. Petrification and damage to animal habitat. There were clouds of ash over the country.
59
What are some causes of fires
Sun and lightning are natural but most of them are man-made. | Also because of fuel-load, moisture wind speed temperature and angle.
60
What is wood’s flashpoint
300°
61
What are the best conditions for fires
Low humidity, extreme ° and strong winds
62
If we had a fire in New Zealand...
Tourism would be severely damaged
63
NSW and VIC were the worst affected with
5million hectares of damage.
64
How many Firefighters were deployed
1600+
65
What was black Saturday
A series of fires on 7 February 2009
66
What are tropical storms on the West Africa coast
Cyclones
67
What are tropical storms on the pacific
Typhoons
68
What are tropical storms in America and Europe
Hurricanes
69
Which way do Northern Equator storms spin
Anti clockwise and vice versa (Coriolis force)
70
When is hurricane season
June 1 - November 30
71
What are some effects of tropical storms
Destruction to building and homes. Also communication networks
72
How many people died in Hurricane Katrina
1.2k
73
Social impacts of Katrina
1.2k people died and 1mil were left homeless. New Orleans had flooded.
74
Economic Impacts of Katrina
Oil facilities were damaged along with communication networks and petrol prices rose in both the uk and the us. 50billion was given in aid by the government.
75
Environmental impacts of Katrina
Water became polluted and coastal areas became destroyed. Cotton and sugar cane crops were destroyed and delicate coastal habitats were destroyed
76
Why was New Orleans worst affected
The city is below sea level and was only protected by levees strong enough to withstand the forces of lake Ponchartian and the Mississippi River.

Humanaties (2 decks)

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