T cells & the Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) Flashcards

1
Q

What are B cells in their native conformation ?

A

B cell antigens are extracellular in their native

conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are T cell antigens ?

A

T cell antigens are short peptide fragments of processed & presented antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T cells can only see antigen when it is bound to ?

A

T cells can only see antigen when it is bound to MHC molecules on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are T cell antigens only?

A

T cell antigen are only protein peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Both extracellular & intracellular antigen is recognised ?

A

By T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antigen processing in APCs generate ?

A

Pathogen protein peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

APCs then present peptides bound ?

A

By Major Histocompatability

Complex (MHC) to T cells – Antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) ?

A

Identifies one of the main subset of T cells that recognise peptides on MHC class II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8) ?

A

Identifies one of the main subset of T cells that recognise peptides on MHC class I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells directly do ?

A

Kills infected/damaged cells (e.g. virus infection or cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does CD4+ T helper cells are ?

A

Master controllers that function using cytokines to control & regulate other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the subset of CD4+ T helper (Th) cell ?

A
5 subsets which defend against 
extracellular pathogens (cytokines, macrophage activation)
- Th1 cells
- Th2 cells
- Th17 cells 
- Thfh cells
- Treg cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) ?

A
  • Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are genes in major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) that help code for proteins that differentiate between self and non-self
  • They play a significant role in disease and immune defence
  • They are beneficial to the immune system but can also have detrimental effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the MHC genes ?

A

Encode the MHC proteins on
antigen presenting cells that
present antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mating with mice that had different MHC genes,

produced ?

A

Offspring with stronger immune systems able to combat wider variety of diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MHC class I & class II on antigen presenting cells present peptide antigens to?

A

CD4 & CD8 T cells respectively

17
Q

What does MHC Class I bind to ? and found on ?

A
  • MHC Class I Binds CD8+ T cells

- Found on all cells

18
Q

What does MHC Class II bind to ? and found on ?

A
  • MHC Class II Binds
    CD4+ T cells
  • Found on immune APCs
19
Q

Briefly explain the structure of the MHC ?

A
  • α chain and β chain (in both MHC class II)
  • Heavy chain, α chain only and β2- Microglobulin (MHC class I)
  • Both consist of non-
    covalent complex of two
    polypeptide chains
  • Both have similar folding structure
20
Q

Allelic MHC are inherited in linked groups called ?

A

Haplotypes

21
Q

Who inherits haplotypes?

A

Each individual inherits one haplotype from each parent

22
Q

How are MHC alleles expressed ?

A
  • MHC alleles are codominantly expressed: both maternal & paternal MHC genes expressed in offspring
  • This gives the best chance for an organism to have SOME capability of presenting all the possible antigen peptides it encounters
23
Q

Nonmatching MHC patterns will result in ?

A

Rejection of transplanted tissues

24
Q

MHC polymorphism tends to be clustered within groove sites of?

A

Peptide binding

25
Q

So what do the MHC polymorphism affect ?

A

This affects the binding of peptide groove: This determines which antigens
can be presentation to T cells

26
Q

What are the protein products of MHC genes called ?

A

Isotypes

27
Q

Why is it that MHC class I the amino acid length is limited ?

A

MHC class I: Peptide ends buried within molecule limiting length to 8-10 amino acids

28
Q

Is the amino acid length for MHC class II also limited?

A
No. The structure of MHC class II is more open so peptides extend beyond 
peptide binding groove
- Longer & more variable length (13-25aa) than MHC class I
29
Q

What is MHC Class I expressed by ?

A

Expressed by ALL cells (except erythrocytes & neurones)

30
Q

What is MHC Class II expressed by ?

A

Expressed by professional antigen presenting cells (Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells)

31
Q

What specific domain of MHC class I does CD8 bind to ?

A

CD8 binds to α3 domain of MHC class I

32
Q

What specific domain of MHC class II does CD4 bind to ?

A

CD4 binds the β2 domain of MHC class II

33
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells have ?

A

A CD8 co-receptor which cooperates with TCR to recognise peptide on MHC I

34
Q

What do T helper cells have?

A

T helper cells have a CD4 co-receptor that cooperates with TCR to recognise peptide on MHC II

35
Q

What happens when a CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell sees antigen on MHC I on potentially any nucleated cell (doesn’t have to be an immune cells) ?

A

TCR cell signalling & gene expression:

  • Activation
  • Proliferation & differentiation into Cytotoxic effector cells that can lyse infected cells
  • Produce effector cytokines
36
Q

What happens when a CD4+ Thelper cell sees antigen on MHC II on a professional antigen presenting cell ?

A

TCR cell signalling & gene expression:

  • Activation
  • Proliferation
  • Differentiation into T helper effector cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17…) and ‘help’ activate other cells
  • Cytokine production