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Combating Disease > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

Collective term for microorganism that cause disease when it infects a host viruses

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2
Q

Immune responses are quickly tailored to ?

A

The type of organism involved and depend on the structure of the pathogen and its location, i.e., intra- or extra-cellular

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3
Q

Explain Extracellular pathogens ?

A

Accessible to soluble secreted immune defence molecules and

mechanisms

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4
Q

Explain intracellular pathogens ?

A

Requires killing of the host cell exposing the pathogen to immune defence

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5
Q

What are the layers of immunity ?

A
  • Barriers
  • Innate immunity (the defence system with which you were born)
  • Adaptive immunity (immunity which an organism acquires following disease exposure)
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6
Q

What are some strong barriers protecting against pathogens ?

A
  • Hair
  • Skin epithelium
  • Nails
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7
Q

What are some vulnerable barriers protecting against pathogens ?

A

Mucosal epithelium

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8
Q

What are most healthy epithelial surfaces colonised by ?

A

Non-pathogenic bacteria known as commensals or microbiota

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9
Q

When commensal microbiota are killed e.g. Antibiotic treatment, what do pathogens do ?

A

Frequently replace them and cause disease

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10
Q

What are some chemical chemical barriers ?

A
  • Saliva
  • Tears
  • Stomach Acid
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11
Q

What are some immune specific chemical that are chemical barriers ?

A
  1. Antimicrobial enzymes
  2. Antimicrobial peptides
  3. Cytokines
  4. Acute phase proteins & acute phase response
  5. The Complement System
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12
Q

What do Lysozymes (antimicrobial enzymes) do ?

A
  • Lysozymes breaks down peptidoglycan of cell wall

- More effective in gram positive because their cell wall contains up to 90% peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Where are Lysozymes secreted ?

A
  • In tears
  • Saliva
  • Phagocytes
  • Paneth cells (specialised epithelial cells in small intestine)
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14
Q

Some barriers produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). What is AMP the collective term for ?

A
  • Defensins
  • Cathelicidins
  • Histatins
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15
Q

What are peptides activated by ?

A

Proteolysis

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16
Q

Explain Defensis ?

A
  • Major family of amphipathic peptides
  • Penetrate microbial
    membranes& disrupt their integrity (neutrophils, macrophages, paneth cells)
17
Q

Explain Cathelicidins ?

A
  • Constitutively produced by neutrophils, keratinocytes and
    epithelial cells in response to infection
  • Neutralise endotoxin & broad spectrum microbial toxicity
18
Q

Explain Histatins ?

A
  • Constitutively expressed in oral cavity
  • Active against pathogenic fungi e.g. Candida albicans
  • Promote rapid healing typical of the oral cavity
19
Q

Immunity can either be ‘humoral’ or ‘cellular’

A
  1. Humoral immunity combats pathogens via
    antibodies (produced by B cells) or soluble
    molecules
  2. Cell-mediated immunity (uses T cells) involves white blood cells
    - These can eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells, or aid other cells in inducing immunity.
20
Q

Where are immune cells present in ?

A

Periphery & specialised lymphoid tissues

21
Q

Where are Central lymphoid tissues found? and what is their function?

A
  • Found in the bone marrow and thymus

- Function to support development of immune cells

22
Q

Where are some types of peripheral lymphoid tissues and where ?

A
  • Spleen (for blood)
  • Adenoids (back of nasal passage)
  • Tonsils
  • Appendix
  • Peyer’s Patches (mucus membrane in small intestine)
  • Lymph nodes
23
Q

Name a less organised lymphoid tissues ?

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue

MALT

24
Q

What are the functions of peripheral lymphoid tissues and less organised lymphoid tissues ?

A

These functions to trap antigen and initiate immune responses

25
Q

What is meant by Leukocytes ?

A

Collective term for white blood cells

26
Q

Which cell type has the highest and lowest proportion of leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophil has the highest (40-75%)

- Basophil has the lowest (<1%)

27
Q

What do innate immune cells establish at the site of infection ?

A

A state of inflammation at the site of infection

28
Q

What is the most powerful cell that plays an important role in the adaptive immune response ?

A

Dendritic cell - a professional antigen presenting cell

29
Q

What do Dendritic are ?

A

They are professional antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity

30
Q

What do some innate cells act as ?

A

Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) activating highly specific adaptive immune responses when pathogen overwhelms innate defence

31
Q

What does APCs represent ?

A

A crucial link between innate & adaptive

Combating Disease (11 decks)

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