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Exam 1 immuno > T cell Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

T cell Mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is present on a Mature Naive T cell

A 
CD4+ or CD8+
CD28+
MHC/HLA class 1
TCR complex including CD3 molecules and Zeta 
LFA-1 and VLA -4 adhesion molecules
Chemokine receptor CCR7
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2
Q

Where does T cell activation occur

A

Lymph organs

by Dendritic cells

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3
Q

What activates Memory T cells

A

B cells and Macrophages and Dendritic cells

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4
Q

Who activates B cells and Macrophages

A

CD4+ T cells

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5
Q

What happens in the process of activation of DCs

A

once a peripheral DC is activated itloses its adhesive markers and up regulates CCR7

Increses expression in MHC/HLA and CD80 (B7)

Travel to the secondary lymphpoid tissue and they mature as they migrate

Finally they present Ag to T cell

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6
Q

How do the Naive T cell migrate into the Peripheral Lymphoid organ

A

go across the High endothelium venules (HEV) in the cortex

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7
Q

L selectin

A

L selectin ligand

Naive T cells

Initial weak adhesion to naive T cells to the high endothelial Venule in lymph node

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8
Q

LFA-1

A

B2 Integrin

binds ICAM-1

Stable arrest on HEV

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9
Q

CCR7

A

on Naive T cell

binds CCL19 or CCL21

Activation of integrins and chemotaxis

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10
Q

E and P selectin ligand

A

Found on Effector T cells
binds E and P selectin on Endothelial

Initial weak adhesion of effecto and memory T cell to cytokine activated endothelium at peripheral site of infection

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11
Q

LFA-1

VLA-4

A

B2 and B1 integrin respectively

binds ICAM or VCAM on endothelial cell

Stable arrest on cytokine activated endothelium at peripheral site of infection

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12
Q

CXCR3

A

on Effector and activated T cell

binds CXCL10

activation of Integrins and chemotaxis usual in the direction of the follicle wear the B cell is located

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13
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: CD3

A

signal transduction by TCR complex

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14
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: Zeta

A

Signal transduction by TCR complex

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15
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: CD4

A

SIgnal transduction

binds to Class II MHC on antigen presenting cells

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16
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: CD8

A

signal Transduction

Binds to Class I MHC presented on all nucleated cells

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17
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: CD28

A

Signal transduction (costimulation)

Binds B7-1/B7-2 on antigen presenting cell (CD80)

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18
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: CTLA-4

A

Inhibition signal

Binds B7-1 and B7-2 ligands on Antigen presenting cells

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19
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: PD-1

A

Inhibition signal

Binds to PD-L1/PD-L2

on antigen presenting cells, tissue cells, and tumor cells

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20
Q

Surface molecules of T Lymphocytes: LFA-1

A

Adhesion signal transduction

Binds ICAM-1
on Antigen binding cells and endothelium

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21
Q

what happens to integrins when there is TCR/HLA antigen recognition

A

Changes its affinity from low to high

causes clustering and makes a strong T cell and APC adhesion leading to a strong T-cell response

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22
Q

What is the First Signal of the T cell activation

A

Binding of the MHC/peptide complex to the TCR

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23
Q

What is the second signal to get a T cell activation

A

Co stimulatory molecules:

CD40L on T cell binds to the CD40 on the APC

B7 binds to CD28 on the T Cell and then cytokines are released and taken in by the T cell (IL-12)

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24
Q

What Cytokine is released from the APC and taken up by the naive T cell

A

IL-12 to enhance T cell proliferation and differentiation

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25
Q

T cell activation signal cascade

A

LcK activates the ITAM and tyrosine kinase ZAP-70

THis activates PLCy, Ras, Rac, and PI3

PLCy increaseds cytocolic Ca2+ and DAG which produces calcineurin and PKC

RAS and RAC in its GTP form activate ERK and JNK

PI3 kinase activates PIP3 and akt and mTOR

All of these produce NFAT and NFkB and AP-1 which increases protein synthesis

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26
Q

Protein production after T cells triggered

A 
Fos-minutes
myc-hours
CD40 ligand-hours
Fas ligand-hours
IL-2 
IFN-Y
IL-4

IL-2Ra or CDC25

27
Q

Why do we increase the amount of CD40L

A

increase the Tcell and APC adhesion and prolongs the T cell APC contact

28
Q

What happens if there is no co stimulatory ligands or cytokines supporting the APC T cell interaction

A

T cell will become anergic and tolerand

No response

29
Q

IL-2

A

T cell proliferation and T cell survival

Activated T cells

30
Q

IFN-y

A

Activation of Macrophages

released by: CD4/CD8 T cells and NK cells

31
Q

IL-4

A

B cell switching to IgE

released by: CD4 T cells and mast cells

32
Q

IL-5

A

Activation of Eosinophils

released by: CD4 T cells, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells

33
Q

IL-17

A

Stimulation of acute inflammation

released by:CD4 T cells

34
Q

IL-22

A

Maintenance of Epithelial barrier function

released by: CD4 T cells, NK cells, and innate lymphoid cells

35
Q

TGF-B and IL-10

A

Inhibition of T cell activation, differentiation of regulatory T cells

released by: CD4 T cells and may other cell types

36
Q

How do T cells self stimulate IL-2

A

IL-2 is autocrine signal

Binds IL-2RByc which is at a low affinity

Expression of IL-2RA chain adds to the receptor to increase its affinity and help induce T cell proliferation and differentiation

37
Q

How are Naive T cells trapped and activated

A

Signal from IFN A/B increases Expression of CD69

CD69 binds to S1PR and internalizes signal to allow for the cell to proliferate and activate t

Takes about 5 days

38
Q

what Cytokines cause Differentiation into what T helper cell: Th1

A

IFN-y and IL-12

39
Q

what Cytokines cause Differentiation into what T helper cell: Th2

40
Q

what Cytokines cause Differentiation into what T helper cell: Th17

A

IL-1 and IL-6

41
Q

what Cytokines cause Differentiation into what T helper cell: Tfh

A

IL-21,

(IFN -y/IL-4)

42
Q

What are important components of CTL deveolpment

A

CD4 T helper cells
production of IFN-y and IL-2

Cross presentation of B7 via APC or IL-2 via CD4 cells

43
Q

Components of T regulatory Cells

A

CD4 T cells
Influenced by IL-2 and TGF-B
Express CTLA-4 and CD25

Novel Transcription factor FOXp3

Secrete IL-10 and TGF-B

44
Q

Gamma Delta T cells

A

Found in Epithelial boundaries especially the gut Mucosa

Can recognize non protein AG

limited diversity of peptides recognized

Not restricted to MHC/HLA presentation

45
Q

What is major difference between effector T cell and resting Naive T cell?

A

Effector T cell is able to respond to a specific antigen without need for Co stimulation via B7 or CD28 interaction

46
Q

Th1 cell components

A

Proliferate in response to Il-12 and IFN-y

work on macrophages and NK

secrete IL-2 and IFN-y

novel transcription is T-bet

47
Q

What does IFN-y do

A 
activates Macrophages classical
activates B cells to do class switching to IgG antibodies and complement binding
Stimulates class II HLA and B7 expression
48
Q

Th2 cells components

A

Proliferate in response to IL-4

Targets allergens and helmnths

Novel transcription is GSTA-3

secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

49
Q

Th2 cell mediation

A

cause B cells to switch to IgE

  • Antibody production
  • Mast cell degranulation

Eosinphil activation

intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis

Alternative macrophage activation: tissue repair

50
Q

What happens if the Th1/Th2 ratio is off

A

Th1 is necessary to fight off microbe

therefore a predominate Th2 response can lead to a bad outcome and lots of microbes
-Leprosy`

51
Q

Th17 cells components

A

Proliferate via IL-1 and IL-7

REsponse to bacteria and fungus

Induce inflammation
and leukocyte recruitment

Novel transcription RORyt

secrete IL-17 and IL-22

52
Q

Not every effector T cell that enters the area will be specific for that antigen

A

Do to the various specificity of the effectors and that tissue may not contain the antigen it is specific for

53
Q

what are the 2 methods of killing for the CTL

A

Granular proteins

  • granzymes
  • Perforin

FasL and Fas (CD95)
-induction of the apoptic pathway

54
Q

What do CTL-A cells release

A

IFNa/B

inhibits replication of viruses

increases expression of MHC class I on other infected cells

55
Q

Treg cells components

A

CD4 T cells
express CTLA, and CD25

FOXp3 transcription factor

CTLA-4 binds B7 and shuts co-stimulatory ligand signaling

stronger binding that CD28

56
Q

What do Memory T cells require for survivial

A

IL-7 and IL-15

57
Q

What happens to T cells over chronic illnesses

A

Exhaustion

inabillity to respond to virus and high expression of CTLA-1 and PD-1

No cytokine secretion

reduced proliferation,

no target cell killing

58
Q

Evasive mechanisms: Mycobacteria

A

Inhibit Phagolysosome fusion

survive in phagoosome

59
Q

Evasive mechanisms: Herpes (HSV)

A

Inhibition of antigen presentation by attacking TAP transporter

60
Q

Evasive mechanisms: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

inhibition of antigen presentation by affecting the proteasomal activity and removeing MHC molecules from ER

61
Q

Evasive mechanisms: Epstein Barr (EBV)

A

inhibition of antigen presenting by inactivating proteasomes

62
Q

Evasive mechanisms:Epstein Barr (EBV)

A

Production of IL 10 to inhibit macrophages and DC activation

63
Q

Evasive mechanisms:Pox virus

A

Block cytokine activation of effector cells

Exam 1 immuno (6 decks)

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