Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > T and B Lymphocytes > Flashcards

T and B Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names if the two Helper Cells that T cells Express?

A

CD4 + T Helper Cells

CD8 + T Helper Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the CD8 + T Helper Cells?

A
  • KILLER cell

- cells kill infected cell by secreting cytokines or inducing apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the CD4 + T Helper Cells?

A
  • Use T Cell antigens receptors to recognise peptides (opsins)
  • Bind to MHC, migrate to T cell zone of lymph node and activate T Cell if matches
  • Produce growth factors to enhance growth and T cell division
  • Promotes proliferation of CD8 + Helper Cells by release of cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which type of Immune System uses T and B Lymphocyte to detect pathogens?

A

-Acquired Immune System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are B and T Lymphocytes Specific?

A
  • YES VERY!

- only express one specific antigen receptor for the pathogen’s antigen epitope (region on antigen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name for B cell Receptors?

A

-B cell Antigen Receptor (BCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name for T cell Receptors?

A

-T cell Antigen Receptor (TCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Antibodies made of?

A

-Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the stricture of a (BCR)?

A
  • Transmembrane protein and binds to one specific antigen
  • Made of x4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light)
  • BCR has a ‘unique variable region’ on antibodies is what makes them specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What must be combined with the antigen to allow a (TCR) to detect it?

A

-Antigen must be combined with (MHC)-Protein Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes T cells Unique?

A

-Have a ‘Hypervariable Region’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What enzyme breaks down antigens combined with MHC Complex?

A

-The enzyme ‘Proteases’ breaks down the peptide antigens to short fragments and complex with MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many types of MHC Molecules are there?

A

-X2 Classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe location and function of Class 1 MHC Molecules.

A
  • On all nucleated human cells

- Have peptide antigens in complex with MHC Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

-Describe location and function of Class 2 MHC Molecules.

A
  • ONLY exist on Professional Peptide Antigen Presenting Cells (immune cells)
  • Immune cells = Dendritic, macrophages and B Lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Lymphocyte Migration?

A
  • This is when ‘Mature’ lymphocytes circulate in the blood stream
  • Travel to Secondary lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What regulates Lymphocyte Migration?

A

-Regulated by Adhesion and Activation Cascades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are B cells Activated?

A

1) Phagocyte degrades pathogen and releases debris (inc antigens) into extracellular space
2) Antigens released travel to the Lymph Nodes and if finds matching B Lymphocyte> Activated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are T cells Activated?

A

1) Phagocyte degrades pathogen and releases debris (inc antigens) into extracellular space
2) Antigen MUST be communed with MHC Complex for T cell to recognise it
3) Dendritic cell PRRs recognise Antigens and complexes the antigens with MHC Complex
4) 3) Antigen-MHC Complex migrates to lymph node and if in same follicle as matching T cell> activated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What X2 Signals does B cell require to become fully activated? (AH)

A

1) Antigen Signal Engagement

2) Helping Signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens once B cells are activated?

A
  • The B cell differentiates into a plasma cell

- Plasma cell produces Antibodies.

22
Q

What is Hypermutation?

A

-This is when B intentionally mutates so they can produce better Antibodies.

23
Q

What Antibodies are formed from Hypermutation?

A

IgM antibodies undergo Hypermutation to form IgG

24
Q

What do the X2 Activation Signal for B Lymphocytes produce?

A
  • From short life plasma cells

- Produce low affinity-antibodies

25
Q

What are Antibodies formed from?

A

-Plasma Cells

26
Q

How to Antibodies Eliminate Antigens?

A

1) Variable region on antibody receptor binds to antigen

2) Effector Function- Inactivates antigens via clearance mechanisms of the heavy chain region of antibody

27
Q

Name the X5 types of antibodies produced by plasma cells.

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
28
Q

Name the type of antibody produced in a Primary Immune Response.

A

-IgM

29
Q

What type of Plasma cells produce IgM and IgG Antibodies?

A

IgG Antibodies-Short-life plasma cells

IgM-Long-Life Plasma Cells

30
Q

What is IgM antibody lag period?

A

-Time taken to produce antibodies

31
Q

What are the two forms of IgM Antibody?

A
  • Monomeric

- Pentameric

32
Q

What is the function of the Monomeric form of IgM Protein?

A

-Mediates B Cell activation

33
Q

What is the function of the Pentameric form of IgM Protein?

A
  • Activates the Complement System

- Agglutination

34
Q

What is Agglutination?

A
  • Antibody clumps are formed
  • Clumps formed via cross-linkage
  • Mediates IgG and IgM antibodies

-Completed by Pentameric form of IgM Antibodies

35
Q

What is the most common and effective type of Antibody formed?

A

IgG

*Common-same letter twice gG

36
Q

What type of plasma cells produce IgG proteins?

A

-Long-Life Plasma Cells

37
Q

What are the functions of the IgG Antibodies?

A
  • Opsonisation
  • Neutralisation
  • Activates Complement System
  • NK Cell Activation
38
Q

What is the Complement System?

A

-Group of proteins that enhance immune response

39
Q

What is Neutralisation?

A
  • Completed by IgG Antibodies

- When specific antigen binding to IgG antibody receptor occurs to neutralise toxins

40
Q

What form does IgG Antibodies take?

A

-Monomeric

41
Q

What is common function of antibodies in Monomeric form?

A

-B Cell Activation

42
Q

What is the function of IgA antibodies in Monomeric form ?

A

-Neutralisation

43
Q

What two forms cam IgA Antibodies take?

A
  • Monomeric

- Dimeric

44
Q

What is the function of IgA antibodies in Dimeric form ?

A
  • Neonatal defence

- Neutralisation

45
Q

What can T cells Differentiate into?

A

-Helper Cells

46
Q

What happens when a CD4 + Helper Cell is activated?

A

–If activated CD4 Helper cells differentiate into effector cells- TH1, Th2,tFH and regulatory T Cells.

47
Q

What type of Helper Cell enhances T cell Proliferation and Growth Factors Production?

A

-CD4 + Helper Cell

48
Q

What do CD8 + Helper Cells rely on?

A

-CD4+ Helper Cells producing Cytokines so CD8+ Cells form

49
Q

After an Immune Response what happens to the immune cells that have been formed?

A
  • Slowly die off

- BUT some stay as Memory Cells

50
Q

What happens to Macrophages (Pro-Inflammatory mediators) after there has been an immune response?

A

-Change from Pro-Inflammatory> Anti-Inflammatory Mediators

Immunology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions