Systolic Function

Question 1

Ischemia

Answer 1

Lack of oxygenated blood supply to coronary arteries

Question 2

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Answer 2

Heart attack. Involves the development of ischemia and necrosis of myocardial tissue due to a sudden decrease or blockage in coronary perfusion (flow of blood through coronary arteries)

*Leading cause of death in US

Question 3

Cardiac Ourput

Answer 3

Amount of blood pumped in one minute

Normal: 4-8 liters/minute

Question 4

Cardiac Reserve

Answer 4

The heart’s ability to adjust quickly to immediate demands

Question 5

Afterload

Answer 5

Amount of PRESSURE the ventricle must generate to force open the semilunar valves and overcome arterial pressure

Afterload= pressure

Question 6

Preload

Answer 6

The amount of STRETCH in the heart before it can start to contract. Associated with volume

Preload= volume

Question 7

Inotropic

Answer 7

Change in contractility strength

Question 8

Frank Starling’s law of the heart

Answer 8

Heart muscle increases it’s strength of contractility in response to the stretching of the myocardial fibers. Greater stretch = stronger contraction

Question 9

Stroke Volume

Answer 9

Volume of blood pushed into aorta with each beat (ventricular contraction)

SV=EDV-ESV

Question 10

End-diastolic Volume (EDV)

Answer 10

Volume of blood in ventricle at the end of diastole

Question 11

End-systolic volume (ESV)

Answer 11

Volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole

Question 12

Ejection Fraction

Answer 12

Percent of end diastolic volume pushed into aorta with each beat

Normal=

Question 13

What two factors determine Cardiac Output? What is the formula for determining cardiac output?

Answer 13

Stroke Volume and heart rate

CO=SV x HR

Question 14

How do you determine stroke Volume?

Answer 14

It is the volume of blood ejected in a stroke.

SV=EDV-ESV

Question 15

What three elements effect stroke Volume?

Answer 15

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

Question 16

Ejection Fraction

Answer 16

% of EDV pushed into the aorta with each beat

Normal Range: 55%-65%

Question 17

Fractional Shortening

Answer 17

% cardiac muscle fibers shorten with

contraction

Question 18

Answer 18

Hypokinesia

Question 19

Answer 19

Akinesis/Akinesia

Question 20

Answer 20

Dyskinesia/Dyskinesis

Question 21

Answer 21

Asynchrony

Question 22

Answer 22

Aneurysm

Question 23

Best Measurement of Systolic Function

Answer 23

Ejection Fraction

Question 24

Methods for Measuring EF

Answer 24

1) Modified Simpson’s in A4C and A2C views. Measures ventricular volume in diastole and systole to get difference and determine EF
2) 2D in PLAX View: Measures diameter of ventricle and endocardial wall thickness in diastole and systole
3) M-Mode in PLAX View: Places single beam through ventricle and traces diameter changes over time.

Question 25

What are the factors of contractility?

Answer 25

Inotropic- strength of contractility
Chronotropic- heart rate
Dromotropic- Affects the speed of the electrical system