SYSTEMS - PLUMBING Flashcards
WATER Pre-treatment
designed to remove suspended matter in large particles from the water
Sedimentation - gravity in Stillwater, allowing heavy particles to sink. Clear water than pipe out into secondary filtration. Can take place with or without coagulation and flocculation
Coagulation - process of getting particles in the water to stick together by adding alum or other chemicals
Flocculation - next step after coagulation. Mix of water in the loom is sent to Stillwater, the particles in the loom form a lucely aggregated mass called floc. Heavy enough for sedimentation to take place
WATER Filtration
Slow sand filtration - water to seep through a bit of fine sand about 3 feet to 4 feet deep. Biological slime forms on the sand filter, trap small particles integrates organic matter. Send photos do not require coagulation of flocculation. Excellent for filtering giardia and particulates, no good for high turbidity
Direct filtration - on the pressure through filter medium includes coagulation and filtration, may require flocculation. good for eliminating Giardia and most viruses.
Membrane filtration - processes are increasingly used for removal of bacteria, microorganisms, particulates, and natural organic material, which can impart color, tastes, and odors to waterand react with disinfectants to form disinfection byproducts.
Diatomaceous earth filtration - - uses thin layer of earth on septum or filter element. The Diatomaceous earth is light colored, soft sedimentary rock formed mainly by siliceous shells. Good for removing cysts algae asbestos not good for removing bacteria and turbidity.
Cartridge filtration - self-contained units placed along water supply line filter out particles. Cartridges must be replaced as they get filed, small supply systems. Cartridge filters are simple, modular filters that are inserted into a housing and can be used to remove particles, or sometime chemicals, from the water. Cartridge filters can be composed of a number for materials. Some may be made from wound strands of a material such as polypropylene.
WATER- 3 ways of Demineralization
Demineralization - removes dissolved solids and the chemicals that cause hard water
Ion exchange - water softeners to remove calcium chromium silver radium and other chemicals. Softener contain zeolite. Water softener must be recharged periodically
Reverse osmosis RO - removes contaminants by using semi permeable membrane that allows only water to pass through and not dissolved ions. Useful for removing inorganic chemicals bacteria and suspended particles. Unit is cleaned by forceing clear water through the membrane which leaves the contaminants behind in a brine that must be carefully disposed of.
Electrodialysis - places charged membranes at the inflow stream of water to attract counterions. Can remove barium cadmium selenium fluoride and nitrates. Expensive to buy and operate
WATER- 5 ways of Disinfection
Disinfection - destroys micro organisms that can cause disease.
Chlorination - most common, kills micro organisms by introducing chlorine in form of gas liquid or solid
Chloramine - similar but weaker disinfectant than chlorine
Ozonation - ozone, powerful oxidizing in disinfecting agent. Typically used for treating cooling tower water
Ultraviolet light - destroys the cells ability to reproduce in this effective against bacteria and viruses.
Nanofiltration - uses filter membranes capable of trapping particles as small as one nanometers, one billionth of a meter. Can remove bacteria viruses pesticides and organic material. Water must be forced through at high-pressure.
1 foot of Static Head how many PSI?
A Pressure Of 0.433 Psi Is Equivalent To 1 Foot Of Static Head.
In A Column Of Water Pressure Increases In Proportion To Depth.
When Pressure Is Expressed As A Unit Of Length In This Way It’s Called Static Head
1 PSI how many feet of staic head?
Equivalent To 2.3 Feet Of Static Head
COPPER PIPE - K
Thickest Walls Comes In Straight Length (Hard Temper) And Coils (Soft Temper). Used For Underground Supply Pipe Or Greater Strength As Needed.
COPPER PIPE - L
Thinner Walls Than Type K, Most Commonly Used For Most Of The Plumbing Systems And Buildings. Also Come Straight Or In Coils.
COPPER PIPE - M
Thinnest Of The Three In Street Links Only. Do Use For Low Pressures Involved Such As Branch Supply Lines, Chilled Water Systems, Expose Lines And Heating Systems, And Drainage Piping.
COPPER PIPE - DWV
Used In Applications Not Subject To Pressure. Rarely Used. Copper Pipe Is Strong But Heating It With Flame And Soldering It
PLASTIC PIPE - ABS
drainage
PLASTIC PIPE - CPVC
hot and cold supply, sprinklers
PLASTIC PIPE - PE
water supply, irrigation sprinklers, exterior drainage
PLASTIC PIPE - PVC
cold water supply only, drainage
PLASTIC PIPE - PEX
New Piping Material, Cross-Linked Polyethylene, Manufactured Is Continuous Flexible Tubing, Hot And Cold Water Supply Lines On The Pressure As Well As For Hydronic Heating, Stored In Spools, Cut To Length, Single Piece Can Run From Each Fixture Directly To Manifold That Connects To The Main. Avoid Need For Fittings And Mix Insulation Faster. Low Thermal Conductivity. Resistance To Freezing. Economy, Quiet. Eliminates Water Hammer
Gate Valve
Gate valves are on-off, non-throttling, and commonly used for shutting off the water in the building or a part of it (for maintenance)
Seats Metal Wedge Against Two Metal Parts Of The Bulb. Use The Word Control Either Completely On Or Off. No Turns. Low Friction Loss.
Gate valves are used in wastewater plants, power plants, and process plants for shut-off and for isolating service.
Globe Valve
Used Where Water Flow Frequently Controlled Such As Faucets Or Hose Bibs.
used practically anywhere a fluid flow must be shut off,
compressed-air line to a high-pressure, hydraulic system.
can provide low head-loss characteristics as the port can exactly match the pipe diameter. B
tend to seal better than butterfly valves, but they can be costlier to purchase and maintain.
Check Valve
Check valves and vacuum breakers prevent wastewater from contaminating the potable supply.
works automatically and allows water flow in only One Direction
for example backflow might contaminate a portable water supply, used on gas lines, for air service, and with pumps—anywhere that fluid needs to move in a single direction
Angle valve
sinks and lavatories, single handle faucet. One handle controls both hot and cold water and mixES the water
Butterfly Valve
are also on-off, non-throttling and are used in situations with large flows of fluids (large-diameter industrial piping)
quarter-turn valves which employ center-mounted circular flaps that swing into, and out of, the flow stream
Butterfly valves are used in wastewater plants, power plants, and process plants for shut-off and for regulating and isolating service and are especially popular in very large diameter pipelines.
Generally smaller and cheaper than a ball valve of the same capacity, butterfly valves can be difficult to operate against high pressure and flow. They are also more leak-prone than ball valves and subject to higher head losses.
Plug Valve
Plug Valves are quarter-turn valves used to control fluid flow through a pipe.
Plug valves are used for shut-off and are used as control valves for the chemical process industries, processing plants and wastewater treatment facilities,
Ball Valve
are on-off, can be used for throttling (like a faucet) and are marked by a quarter-turn-for-fully-on configuration.
ball Valves are quarter-turn valves incorporating ported spheres that swivel in the pipe stream to either block, or allow, flow.
Ball valves are used practically anywhere a fluid flow must be shut off, from a compressed-air line to a high-pressure, hydraulic system.
Needle Valve
Needle Valves are used to meter fluid flow through tubing or ports.
needle valves are used in vacuum systems and for metering systems where precise flow regulation is required. Because of the high number of turns required to close a needle valve, they are not ideally suited for use in shut- off service applications.
Pressure Relief Valve
protect pressurized systems such as boilers or piping from over-pressure conditions, usually by way of a spring-loaded diaphragm
Pinch Valve
Pinch Valves are mechanical devices used to control fluid and dry-product flow through pipes.
In a pinch valve, the tube itself is the only material in contact with the product in the pipe.
Pinch valves are used for flow regulating and shut-off of food slurries, dry products, sand, gravel, and the like.
P-traps
P-traps meet code,
but S-traps, crown-vented traps, bell traps, and drum traps don’t.
Thrust blocking:
concrete poured around a pipe bend to prevent it from shaking
Thermosiphon
Thermosiphon is a method of passive heat exchange, based on natural convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.
Hot water - commercial kitchen and industrial laundry
140F
Hot water - shower
110F
hot wayer - hand washing
105F
retention basin
retention basins hold a permanent pool of water and are referred to as wet ponds. In general, retention ponds require even more area than a detention pond. This is due to constraints in the allowable depth of water to maintain the vegetation on the pond. The level of water in the pond is maintained by setting the outlet structure above the pond bottom at the groundwater elevation.
detention basin
Detention basins provide only flood control measures and are known as dry ponds. The pond is intended to drain the stormwater within a period of time to make the volume available for the next storm event. This approach takes a lot of space and would greatly affect a constrained site.
detention vault
A stormwater detention vault is used for stormwater storage where there is not enough space for an above-ground facility. The excess stormwater run-off is slowly released to local storm sewers or stream. Underground storage structures are commonly located under parking lots.
hard water
Hard water impacts a number of chores and tasks a homeowner may do daily. It can impact laundry because hard water can interact with detergent and make it harder to clean clothes. It can clog pipes, and it can make coffee or tea taste different. It is not hazardous, however, and it does not appear discolored.
Which of the following types of septic systems should be used when the site has a high water table, the previous system has failed, and there is a shallow bedrock? Select the best answer.
Mound
Seepage Pit
Sand Filter
Drainage Field
Sand filters are used when a previous system has failed, there is high ground water, shallow bedrock, or poor soil.
Mounds require there to be 5 feet above the water table. Seepage pits require porous soil to a depth of 10-15 feet. Drainage fields require porous soil but are not very effective in conditions with a high water table.
Conventional boilers
can supply central heating and hot water for sinks, baths and showers. They require a cold water supply tank and a hot water storage cylinder. Cold water supplied from the tank is heated by the boiler and then stored in the cylinder until required.
Because there is a ‘reservoir’ of stored hot water, they can supply more than one use at the same time. For example, a shower and a sink. However, once the hot water in the cylinder has been used, it can take quite a long time for it to be replaced by the boiler. They also required space for the tank and cylinder.
• Fire Tube Boiler
A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water. … The general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot flue gases from the fire.
• Water Tube Boiler
• Water Tube Boiler:
water tubes are arranged inside a furnace. Gives high steam production rates but less storage capacity. Generally preferred in high pressure application since high pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes
• Modular Boiler
• Modular Boiler:
packaged boiler system that operate in parallel or series to provide varying amounts of steam. Typically most efficient when run at full capacity.
• Packaged Type Boiler
• Packaged Type Boiler:
comes in a compact package, requires only the steam, water
pie work, fuel supply and electrical connection.
• Electric Boiler
• Electric Boiler:
steam is generated using electricity rather than the combustion of a fuel. More expensive than gas run boilers but are simple and easy to use.
Combination boilers,
Combination boilers, or ‘combi boilers’, supply central heating and hot water directly from the water supply, without the need for a water tank or hot water cylinder.
Because hot water is supplied ‘instantaneously’ rather than being stored and then used, they can provide unlimited hot water on demand, and are useful where there is limited space availability. This can be a more efficient type of boiler, as the hot water is used immediately, rather than being stored.
However, as there is no reservoir of hot water, when there are multiple simultaneous uses, the pressure may drop. This may make them best suited to smaller, lower-occupancy properties.
Biomass boilers
Biomass boilers run on renewable fuels such as wood pellets. The emissions produced by biomass boilers are much lower than emissions from fossil fuels and traditional boiler types. This is because the carbon dioxide emitted is the same amount that was absorbed while the plant was growing.
• Septic Tank
• An underground tank where sewage collects. Solid material sits and liquid effluent passes on to a leach field which is a grid of ceramic pipe laid underground that allows liquid to pass out over a bed of gravel and into the soil.
• Leach Field:
Grid of ceramic pipe laid underground, with the intersection not quite touching, so that effluent leaks out over a bed of gravel which filters the waste before it seeps into the soil.
Cesspools (Sewpage Pit):
- Cheapest system, but the least desirable, too.
- Most places don’t allow them
- They’re an underground, porous chamber where sewage soaks into the
surrounding ground until it gets clogged.
• Then it’s capped and a new cesspool is dug.
• Aerobic Treatment waste water System:
- Like a septic tank system, but uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just anaerobic process used in septic.
- Produces a high quality second effluent which can be sterilized and used for surface irrigation
- More flexibility for location of leach field, as well as its size
Mound
- Built up drainage field above existing grade
- Used when there’s a high water table or a lack of permeable soil
• Sand Filter: (Septic system)
- Sand Filter:
- Effluent flows or is pumped from a septic tank to an open air filter treatment pit, at or above grade
Turbidity
suspended material in water, such as salt, clay and organic material.
Not hazardous. Unpleasant, can be treated by filtration
Color problems and odor problems
Color problems and odor problems - caused by organic matter, inorganic salts, or dissolved gases.
oder can be corrected with filtration through activated carbon. Color problems but can be corrected by fine filtration or chlorination.
Biological contamination
Biological contamination - bacteria and viruses etc. dangerous to health.
Coli bacteria most well-known of this group. Often in well water.
Legionella causes legionnaire’s disease. Grow in warm water like cooling towers and conditioning systems, large plumbing systems and hot tubs.
Distillation
Distillation - treated by boiling and then condensing the vapor. Very clean water with all solids bacteria salt and other materials removed. Often used to treat seawater.
aeration
aeration - or oxidation.
Used to improve the taste and color of water. As much of water as possible exposed to air through use of sprays fountains of waterfalls. Drinking water should be aerated then enclosed
Solar water heating
Commonly used to heat water for domestic use,and use in swimming pools.
Components. Solar collector, storage tank, associated piping, backup heater.
Passive circulation system - rely on gravity and Thermosiphoning action of heated water
Active circulation system - use pumps to circulate heat collecting fluid
Batch system - keeps water in black painted tank inside glass box. Passive system is simple, but subject to freezing and nighttime heat loss
Thermosiphon system - relies on natural movement of heated water to circulate and passive open loop system. Storage tanks must be located above collectors, piping must be kept simple to minimize pipe friction.
Closed loop active system - most common type, for both commercial and residential. Separate non-freezing fluid circulated by pumps through solar collectors and into heat exchanger where domestic hot water is heated. Controller senses when temperature of collector too low then turns off pump. Flexible, provides control, but less efficient
Drain down system - Direct active system, solves the problem of freezing by automatically draining the water from the collectors when outside temperature is near freezing. Water is wasted whenever system is drained, best for climates with mild winters
Drain back system - indirect active system uses water as the collector fluid. Heated water is pumped to be exchanger or coil of domestic hot water is heated controller since his temperature is too low it turns off the pump and collector water drains back into solar storage tank
Phase change system - water system can also take advantage of face change materials as a collective fluid
Interceptors
Interceptors - collect foreign matter at the source instead of allowing it to enter the sewer system. Grease traps, plaster traps, lubricating oil traps.
static head max
Water can’t be sucked up at a height greater than 33 feet because that is the static head equivalent of atmospheric pressure at 14.7 psi
• Well Pumps Centrifugal:
Centrifugal: a wheel like impeller, rotated by a vertical shaft aligned with the supply and discharge, and the motor can be above or below ground
• Well Pumps Reciprocating:
Reciprocating: cylinder and piston with valves (like a car engine or compressor)
• Well Pumps - Rotary Pump
Rotary Pump: spiral rotor on a shaft with a rubber sleeve perpendicular to supply/
discharge. As the rotator turns it sucks water and discharges at the other end
• Well Pumps - Ejector
Ejector: uses a venturi and a water jet sent from the surface to impel water to rise.
• Well Pumps - Suction Pumps:
Suction Pumps: for wells under 25’
Deep Well Jet Pumps:
Deep Well Jet Pumps: 25’ - 100’+
Turbine Pumps:
Turbine Pumps: for deep wells with high capacity
Subversive Pumps:
Subversive Pumps: for small residential, a pump below the water line pumps water to a pressure tank
Cisterns
- Cisterns: rain water storage tanks that are usually connected to the roof runoff
- Used for irrigation/gray water use
- Issues to mitigate are: acid rain, lead, dust, pollutants, animal waste
Toilet: Required PSI, Average Water Use
25 psi
3-5 gallons per flush
Shower: Required PSI, Average Water Use
Shower
12 psi
3 gallons per minute
Washing Machine: Required PSI, Average Water Use
8 psi
4 gallons per minute / 40 gallons per load
Culvert
• Culvert: drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a
large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road
According to the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 1992, what are the maximum allowable gallons per flush?
1.6 gallons.
