Systems of the Body Flashcards
Superior
(Cranial) Toward the head of the body or a body structure; above another part of the body.
Inferior
(Caudal) Toward the lower end of the body or a body structure; below another part of the body.
Ventral
(Anterior) Toward the front of the body; in front of another structure or body part.
Dorsal
(Posterior) Toward the back of the body; behind another structure or body part.
Medial
Toward the middle of the body; on the inner side of another structure or body part.
Lateral
Toward one side of the body; on the outer side of another structure or body part.
Intermediate
Between medial and lateral
Proximal
Closer to the trunk of the body
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body
Superficial
Close to the surface of the skin
Deep
Far from the surface of the skin
Prone
Lying on the stomach
Supine
Lying on the back
What are the main functions of the respiratory system? How do the lungs carry this out?
Transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells and move carbon dioxide in the other direction. Oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs through the alveoli. The lungs move the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the blood carries the oxygen to the body. The alveoli (air sacs) communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles. It is the bronchioles that generally open into the microscopic alveoli.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Trachea
The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs.
Bronchi
The main passageways directly attached to the lungs.
What are the main functions of the Cardiovascular/Circulatory System?
Transports nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers, and immune molecules.
What is the function of the closed circulatory system?
Transports blood away from the heart, transports blood to the heart, and connects arteries to veins in tissues.
What is the function of the open lymphatic system?
Circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and drains into the circulatory system.
What are the two contractions cycles of the heart?
Systole - the contraction of the heart muscles
Diastole - the relaxation of the heart muscles
What does blood plasma contain?
nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins.
What does red blood cells contain and what is their function?
Contains hemoglobin; Red blood cells transport oxygen remove carbon dioxide from your body, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.
Hemoglobin
The protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Where are red blood cells made?
Inside your bones, in the bone marrow
About how much of the blood volume is made up of red blood cells?
40%
What are the main components of blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - 40-50%
White blood cells (leukocytes) - 1%
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Plasma - 55%
White blood cells are divided into what two groups?
Granular leukocytes - basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils,
Nongranular leukocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes. (About 63 per cent of all leukocytes are neutrophils; 2.5 per cent are eosinophils; and the remaining types constitute less than 1 per cent each.)
What is the main function of the gastrointestinal/digestive system?
Breaks down food for absorption and distribution.
What is the digestive system made up of?
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
What is the GI tract and what does it include?
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
The first part is called the duodenum. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end.
What does the duodenum do?
It uses alkaline bile from the gall bladder to help neutralize acid chime.
What is included in the large intestine?
The large intestine includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a finger-shaped pouch attached to the cecum. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine.
What do proteins, fats, and carbohydrates break down into?
Proteins break into amino acids
Fats break into fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates break into simple sugars
What regulates many aspects of nutrition, such as hunger and the sensation of satiety?
hormones