Miscellaneous

Question 1

positive correlation

Answer 1

a relationship between two variables in which both variables move in tandem. A positive correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases

Question 2

negative correlation

Answer 2

a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases, and vice versa.

Question 3

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Answer 3

Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis. All other organisms must make use of food that comes from other organisms in the form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. These organisms which feed on others are called heterotrophs.

Question 4

What is the relationship between DNA, RNA, and genomes?

Answer 4

Small sections of DNA, called genes, code for the RNA and protein molecules required by the organism. In eukaryotes, each cell’s genome is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the nucleus. Prokaryotes, which contain no inner membranes, store their genome in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

Question 5

eukaryotes

Answer 5

organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles.

Question 6

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 6

Both organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, with each cell surrounded by a cell membrane. The biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. They also have other membrane structures called organelles.

Question 7

What is the normal chromosomal composition of a normal human zygote?

Answer 7

46 chromosomes (sperm with 23 and egg with 23)

Question 8

zygote

Answer 8

eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

Question 9

gamete

Answer 9

an egg (female gamete) or a sperm (male gamete)

Question 10

What organs filters the blood

Answer 10

kidneys

Question 11

What is the difference between Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer 11

Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen, produces a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are produced as the waste products. Anaerobic respiration takes place without the use of oxygen, produces small amounts of energy.

Question 12

What organ uses aerobic respiration and why?

Answer 12

The heart - the byproducts of this type of respiration are water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This makes it resistant to lactate-mediated fatigue which skeletal muscles succumb to.

Question 13

What does the shape of villi and microvilli facilitate?

Answer 13

increased surface area for absorption - the folds increase the surface area, allowing more nutrients to be absorbed and delivered to the blood stream.

Question 14

What artery directly supplies oxygenated blood to the reproductive system?

Answer 14

gonadal artery (called testicular artery in males and ovarian artery in females)

Question 15

What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the head

Answer 15

Common carotid artery

Question 16

What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the lower limbs?

Answer 16

femoral artery

Question 17

What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the upper limbs?

Answer 17

subclavian artery

Question 18

What reaction occurs when a person is suddenly frightened?

Answer 18

liver cells release glucose into the blood stream (epinephrine causes liver cells to break down glycogen, which causes an increase in sugar in the blood stream)

Question 19

What can be studied through the use of an electron microscope?

Answer 19

the structure of cellular organelles

Question 20

How does an electron microscope work?

Answer 20

wavelengths are short enough to resolve the structure of organelles, which are around 100 times larger than the wavelength of an electron

Question 21

Sesamoid bone

Answer 21

a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large sesamoid bone.

Question 22

what is the difference between germline and and somatic mutations?

Answer 22

Gametes, or sex cells, are created from germ cells, and somatic cells are all the other cells besides sex cells. … When a mutation occurs within germ cells, it is called a germline mutation. Germline mutations affect every cell in an organism and are passed on to offspring.

Question 23

demyelinization

Answer 23

destruction, removal, or loss of the myelin sheath of a nerve or nerves

Question 24

Uvula

Answer 24

found in the back of the throat and prevents food entry into the nasal passages

Question 25

soft palate

Answer 25

helps swallowing and prevents food entry into the nasal passages

Question 26

Epiglottis

Answer 26

shuts off the tracheal opening diverting food into the esophagus.

Question 27

Cytotoxic T-Cell

Answer 27

destroys pathogens and infected cells

Question 28

Macrophage cell

Answer 28

ingest and digest both non-self cells and dead cells

Question 29

B-Cell

Answer 29

produces antibodies

Question 30

Describe a solid

Answer 30

a substance with defined size and shape; it retains its shape and density when not contained.
(little space between particles, and the particles vibrate within a fixed lattice structure)

Question 31

Describe a liquid

Answer 31

a fluid that takes the shape of its container; has volume but no shape
(particles move about in a fluid manner due to translational motion.

Question 32

Describe a gas

Answer 32

air-like substance that expands to fill the space it is in; molecules are in constant random motion
(particles are widely separated by empty space and move about randomly due to translational motion

Question 33

What part of digestion begins in the mouth?

Answer 33

carbohydrate digestion

Question 34

What part of digestion begins in the stomach?

Answer 34

protein digestion

Question 35

What makes up an atom’s mass number?

Answer 35

sum of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

Question 36

Where do T-cells mature?

Answer 36

in the thymus

Question 37

What biomolecule can influence the rate of specific chemical reactions within the living cell?

Answer 37

proteins