Miscellaneous Flashcards
positive correlation
a relationship between two variables in which both variables move in tandem. A positive correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases
negative correlation
a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases, and vice versa.
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis. All other organisms must make use of food that comes from other organisms in the form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. These organisms which feed on others are called heterotrophs.
What is the relationship between DNA, RNA, and genomes?
Small sections of DNA, called genes, code for the RNA and protein molecules required by the organism. In eukaryotes, each cell’s genome is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the nucleus. Prokaryotes, which contain no inner membranes, store their genome in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.
eukaryotes
organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles.
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Both organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, with each cell surrounded by a cell membrane. The biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. They also have other membrane structures called organelles.
What is the normal chromosomal composition of a normal human zygote?
46 chromosomes (sperm with 23 and egg with 23)
zygote
eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
gamete
an egg (female gamete) or a sperm (male gamete)
What organs filters the blood
kidneys
What is the difference between Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen, produces a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are produced as the waste products. Anaerobic respiration takes place without the use of oxygen, produces small amounts of energy.
What organ uses aerobic respiration and why?
The heart - the byproducts of this type of respiration are water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This makes it resistant to lactate-mediated fatigue which skeletal muscles succumb to.
What does the shape of villi and microvilli facilitate?
increased surface area for absorption - the folds increase the surface area, allowing more nutrients to be absorbed and delivered to the blood stream.
What artery directly supplies oxygenated blood to the reproductive system?
gonadal artery (called testicular artery in males and ovarian artery in females)
What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the head
Common carotid artery
What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the lower limbs?
femoral artery
What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the upper limbs?
subclavian artery
What reaction occurs when a person is suddenly frightened?
liver cells release glucose into the blood stream (epinephrine causes liver cells to break down glycogen, which causes an increase in sugar in the blood stream)
What can be studied through the use of an electron microscope?
the structure of cellular organelles
How does an electron microscope work?
wavelengths are short enough to resolve the structure of organelles, which are around 100 times larger than the wavelength of an electron
Sesamoid bone
a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large sesamoid bone.
what is the difference between germline and and somatic mutations?
Gametes, or sex cells, are created from germ cells, and somatic cells are all the other cells besides sex cells. … When a mutation occurs within germ cells, it is called a germline mutation. Germline mutations affect every cell in an organism and are passed on to offspring.
demyelinization
destruction, removal, or loss of the myelin sheath of a nerve or nerves
Uvula
found in the back of the throat and prevents food entry into the nasal passages
soft palate
helps swallowing and prevents food entry into the nasal passages
Epiglottis
shuts off the tracheal opening diverting food into the esophagus.
Cytotoxic T-Cell
destroys pathogens and infected cells
Macrophage cell
ingest and digest both non-self cells and dead cells
B-Cell
produces antibodies
Describe a solid
a substance with defined size and shape; it retains its shape and density when not contained.
(little space between particles, and the particles vibrate within a fixed lattice structure)
Describe a liquid
a fluid that takes the shape of its container; has volume but no shape
(particles move about in a fluid manner due to translational motion.
Describe a gas
air-like substance that expands to fill the space it is in; molecules are in constant random motion
(particles are widely separated by empty space and move about randomly due to translational motion
What part of digestion begins in the mouth?
carbohydrate digestion
What part of digestion begins in the stomach?
protein digestion
What makes up an atom’s mass number?
sum of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Where do T-cells mature?
in the thymus
What biomolecule can influence the rate of specific chemical reactions within the living cell?
proteins
