Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > Systems of the body > Flashcards

Systems of the body Flashcards

0
Q

bones are :

A

living tissue

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

what is made in red marrow in your bones

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bones consist of ?

A

cells ,fibers, and an extra cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats is an inorganic salt

A

the hardness of the bone due to rock like crystals of hdroyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 different types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts- build it up
osteclasts- break down old bone cells
osteocytes- mature bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what types of marrow is there

A

red marrow -red blood cells

yellow marrow - saturated with fat can no longer make red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is parathyroid hormone

A

induces osteoclasts to brea down bone at a faster rate this releases calcium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

calcitonin is ?

A

in response to to much calcium in the blood which starts osteoblast to build bones and decrease blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 types of cartalage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how may ribs are there

A

12 on each side
7 true
5 false ribs connected by cartilage including 2 floating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are sinus for ?

A

protect against infection

provide a exit for fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a fontinel

A

small breaks in new borns skulls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

this bone is not attached to anything and is just below the the mandible or just above the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acromion process

A

creates the top of the shoulder serves as a site for the attachment of muscles from the upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do bones do ?

A

•Bones give your body form, provide you with support and protection, and allow you to move; they also serve as reservoirs for calcium and phosphorus, and they produce the major cellular components of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of bones

A

◦Long – long shafts and often uniquely shaped ends that form complex joints; femur
◦Short – cube- or box-shaped; carpals, tarsals
◦Flat – relatively flat; sternum
◦Irregular – oddly shaped and may appear in groups; vertebral bones
◦Sesamoid – develop in the tendons close to joints; patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of bone tissues?

A

◦Compact bone – dense and solid in appearance

◦Spongy (cancellous) bone – has open spaces partially filled by a network of fine, needle-like struts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major parts of a long bone

A

◦Diaphysis – hollowed shaft
◦Epiphyses – enlarged ends of a long bone
◦Articular cartilage – a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; covers and protects the articular (joint) surfaces
◦Periosteum – dense, white, fibrous membrane covers the bone’s exterior (except at the joint surfaces, where the articular cartilage forms the covering)
◦Medullary (marrow) cavity – hollow space throughout the diaphysis of a long bone
◦Endosteum – thin, fibrous membrane lining the medullary cavity and the spaces of spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

◦Diaphysis

A

– hollowed shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

◦Epiphyses

A

– enlarged ends of a long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

◦Articular cartilage –

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; covers and protects the articular (joint) surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

whats systems make us move?

A

•Skeletal and muscular systems act together to actually produce most of your body movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Approximately how many muscles do we have ?

A

•The body has over 600 muscles comprising 40 to 50 percent of your body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the general functions of the skeletal test

A 
◦Permit movement
◦Produce heat
◦Stabilize our joints
◦Maintain our posture
  distribution of blood in the body 
  communication
  parastalisis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

process of muscle contraction

A
  • Skeletal muscle fiber normally remains “at rest” until it is stimulated to contract
  • Neuromuscular junction – motor neurons connect to the sarcolemma at the motor endplate
  • At neuromuscular junction small vesicles in the cytoplasm of the nerve ending release neurotransmitters (acetylcholine or ACh)
  • Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse quickly across the synaptic cleft and come into contact with the sarcolemma; acetycholine receptors bind with acetylcholine
  • Action of acetylcholine binding with its receptor molecules produces an impulse; excitation
  • Acetylcholine fuses with receptor sites on the sarcolemma; opens sodium ion gates
  • Depolarization wave spreads across the surface of the muscle cell membrane and down into the T tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

•Myoglobin –

A

oxygen storage molecule with a red color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

rigamortus set in when and lasts about how long ?

A

12 to 24 hours for it to set in and lasts about 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

•Atrophy –

A

decrease in muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

•Hypertrophy –

A

increase in muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is isotonic movement vs isometric movement ?

A

◦Isotonic – muscle shortens and produces

◦Isometric – muscle pulls forcefully against a load but does not shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

◦Descriptive terms of muscles:

A
  • Parallel – long and strap-like
  • Circular – encircle body tubes or openings
  • Convergent – look like the blades of a fan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

◦Agonist –

A

muscle (or group of muscles) that directly performs a specific movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Antagonists –

A

◦ muscles that when contracting directly oppose agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Synergists

A

◦ – muscles that contract at the same time as agonists; complement the actions of the agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fixator muscles

A

◦ – serve to stabilize joints; often help maintain posture or balance when agonists are contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the urinary system do ?

A

»The urinary system produces urine, it also balances the composition of our blood plasma regulates the content of blood plasma so the homeostasis, or “dynamic constancy,” of the entire internal fluid environment can be within normal limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hilum

A

-concave notch on medial surface where vessels and tubes enter kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how do the kidneys regulate blood pressure and volume

A

?

38
Q

about the kidneys ?

A

+Resemble kidney beans; roughly oval, about the size of a small football (Figure 23-1)
+Right kidney is often slightly smaller than the left
+Lie in a retroperitoneal position
+Lie on either side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3
+Renal fat pad – encases each kidney and helps to hold it in position
+Hilum – concave notch on medial surface where vessels and tubes enter kidney

39
Q

What is a Ureter?

A

tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder
Lined with transitional epithelium; permits significant stretching
Composed of three layers of tissue:
Mucous lining
Muscular, middle layer
Fibrous outer layer

40
Q

about the urinary bladder?

A

˃Urinary bladder – muscular, collapsible bag located directly behind the pubic symphysis and in front of the rectum
+Lies below the parietal peritoneum
+Wall of the bladder is made mostly of smooth muscle tissue
Three openings in the floor of the bladder:
Two from the incoming ureters
One from the outgoing urethra
Bladder performs two major functions:
It serves as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
Aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body

41
Q

tell me about the urethra?

A

˃Urethra – small tube lined with mucous membrane; leads from the floor of the bladder to the exterior of the body
+In females, it extends downward and forward from the bladder for a distance of about 3 cm
+Male urethra extends along a winding path for about 20 cm; passes through the center of the prostate gland just after leaving the bladder; extends downward, then forward, then upward to enter the base of the penis and ends as a urinary meatus at the tip of the penis
–Also serves as a pathway for semen

42
Q

Micturition (urination)

A

As bladder volume increases, micturition contractions (of detrusor muscle) increase and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes
Relaxation of the internal sphincters along with the micturition contractions of the bladder wall can force urine out of the bladder and through the urethra

43
Q

is urine sterile ?

A

yes

44
Q

what is a Nephron?

A

microscopic functional unit; make up bulk of each kidney; each nephron is made up of two regions and connects to a shared collecting duct

45
Q

what is a Renal corpuscle ?

A

first part of the nephron; made up of the Bowman capsule and the glomerulus

46
Q

What is a Bowman capsule ?

A

cup-shaped mouth of a nephron
–Formed by two layers of epithelial cells with a capsular space (Bowman space)
–Pedicels in the visceral layer are packed closely together to form filtration slits; a slit diaphragm prevents filtration slits from enlarging under pressure

47
Q

there are how many nephrons are there?

A

about 2 and a half million

48
Q

what are the 3 doff

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

49
Q

•Hemodynamics

A

– refers to the various mechanisms that influence the movement of blood

50
Q

What are•Four structures make up the core of the electrical conduction system of the heart:

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • AV Bundle (bundle of His)
  • Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)
51
Q

Atrial systole

A

• – contracting myocardium of the atria forces the blood into the ventricles below; represented by the P wave on an ECG

52
Q

•Ventricular contraction –

A

brief period between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves; marked by the R wave on the ECG

53
Q

•Passive ventricular filling –

A

continuing return of venous blood from the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins increases pressure within both atria until the atrioventricular valves are forced open

54
Q

•Ventricular relaxation (diastole) –

A

period between closing of the semilunar valves and the opening of the atrioventricular valves

55
Q

•Types of Bone Cells – three major types

A

◦Osteoblasts – small cells in the inner layer of the periosteum that secrete an important organic part of the ground substance
◦Osteoclasts – break down old bone by dissolving the bone minerals
◦Osteocytes – mature bone cells (Figure 8-5)

56
Q

•Elastic cartilage –

A

gives flexible but definite form to the external ear, the epiglottis, and the auditory tubes

57
Q

•Fibrocartilage –

A

less matrix and more fibrous elements; strong, rigid, and most often found within regions of dense connective tissue
◦Found in the symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks

58
Q

your body has approx how many bones

A

600

59
Q

your bones account for how much of your body weight

A

40 -50 %

60
Q

the general functions of skeletal muscles

A

◦Permit movement
◦Produce heat
◦Stabilize our joints
◦Maintain our posture

61
Q

muscles rely on what to function

A

the ability of the muscles to respond to the endocrine and nervous system

62
Q

what does the respiratory system do ?

A
  • The respiratory system functions as a gas distributor and exchanger
  • The respiratory system filters, warms, and humidifies the air we breath, in provides us with vocal communication and olfaction
  • The respiratory system also plays a vital physiological role in our bodies by regulating homeostasis of metabolism, circulation, electrolyte and water balance, and acidity of the blood
63
Q

the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A

serves to maintain fluid balance
helps immune system
helps absorb lipids from digestion

64
Q

the lymphatic system

A

is an open system
acts as a drainage system
picks up approx 4 litres a day

65
Q

Lymph is?

A

clear fluid found in the lymphatic vessel resembles plasma

66
Q

how much total blood protein leaks out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid ?

A

50%

67
Q

structure of a lymph node

A

oval or bean shaped
they are through out the body
lots of lymph vessels going in only one leaving
most are in clusters

68
Q

how manyy lymph nodes are there ?

A

500-600

69
Q

spleen

A

acts as a reservoir for blood
defence
formation of blood
platelet destruction/erythocyte

70
Q

cell tolerance

A

is where are immune system recognizes our bodies and doesn’t attack

71
Q

innate immunity

A

non- specific

72
Q

adaptive immunity

A

is when you are exposed and the body can recognise the threat and targets attacks

73
Q

what are the first lines of defence ?

A

skin and mucous membrane and normal flora (bacteria )

74
Q

phagocytosis

A

packman cell eating and breaking down cells

75
Q

inflammatory Responce

A

second line of defence

76
Q

chemotaxis is ?

A

chemical attraction bring leukocytes to the area

77
Q

natural killer cells

A

release chemicals that the membrane to rupture

78
Q

interferon

A

interrupts the reproduction of virus

79
Q

compliment

A

marks /tags the cells that are foreign so immune system can keep track

80
Q

anti bodies/ ……………….plasma make anti bodies

A

surround and makes a barriers round foreign cells

81
Q

T cells

A

attacker cells directly

82
Q

types of hormones

A

tropic
sex
anabolic

83
Q

steroid hormones

A

fat based or lipid based / can move through the membrane of cell / can influence the dna (code)

84
Q

non steroid hormones

A

protein based
delivers message through receptor
causes a change in the cell forming a second msg and the messagge is recieve

85
Q

Pituitary gland

A

2 parts
anterior pituitary gland
*creates the growth hormone / prolactin (milk production)
*thyroid stimulating hormone/ Adrenal gland /follical stimulating (overies)

Posterior pituitary
* serves as storage for antidiuretic / oxytocin

86
Q

hypothalamus

A

almond sized

makes some of the hormones stored in the pituitary gland

87
Q

thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormones effect your metabolism t3 and t4

calcitonin controls calcium (it lowers calcium levels by increasing bone formation )

88
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin for sleep aid

89
Q

para thyroid glands

A

para thyroid hormone - increases the level of calcium in your blood /or ingested from food

90
Q

adrenal glands

A

cortisol - accelerated protein breakdown /maintains blood pressure/stress Responce
gonadocorticoids - sex hormones
Epinephrine- adrenaline
noreepinphrine

91
Q

pancreas

A

inclin- lets you use blood sugar
glucagon- increases blood sugar levels
somatostatin -regulates other cells

92
Q

gonads

A

testes - testosterone

overies - estrogen -progesterone

anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions