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Systems of the body Flashcards

0
Q

bones are :

A

living tissue

connective tissue

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1
Q

what is made in red marrow in your bones

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

bones consist of ?

A

cells ,fibers, and an extra cellular matrix

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3
Q

whats is an inorganic salt

A

the hardness of the bone due to rock like crystals of hdroyapatite

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4
Q

3 different types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts- build it up
osteclasts- break down old bone cells
osteocytes- mature bone cells

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5
Q

what types of marrow is there

A

red marrow -red blood cells

yellow marrow - saturated with fat can no longer make red blood cells

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6
Q

what is parathyroid hormone

A

induces osteoclasts to brea down bone at a faster rate this releases calcium in the blood

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7
Q

calcitonin is ?

A

in response to to much calcium in the blood which starts osteoblast to build bones and decrease blood calcium levels

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of cartalage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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9
Q

how may ribs are there

A

12 on each side
7 true
5 false ribs connected by cartilage including 2 floating

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10
Q

what are sinus for ?

A

protect against infection

provide a exit for fluid

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11
Q

what is a fontinel

A

small breaks in new borns skulls

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12
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

this bone is not attached to anything and is just below the the mandible or just above the larynx

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13
Q

Acromion process

A

creates the top of the shoulder serves as a site for the attachment of muscles from the upper limb

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14
Q

what do bones do ?

A

•Bones give your body form, provide you with support and protection, and allow you to move; they also serve as reservoirs for calcium and phosphorus, and they produce the major cellular components of the blood

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15
Q

Types of bones

A

◦Long – long shafts and often uniquely shaped ends that form complex joints; femur
◦Short – cube- or box-shaped; carpals, tarsals
◦Flat – relatively flat; sternum
◦Irregular – oddly shaped and may appear in groups; vertebral bones
◦Sesamoid – develop in the tendons close to joints; patella

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16
Q

Types of bone tissues?

A

◦Compact bone – dense and solid in appearance

◦Spongy (cancellous) bone – has open spaces partially filled by a network of fine, needle-like struts

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17
Q

Major parts of a long bone

A

◦Diaphysis – hollowed shaft
◦Epiphyses – enlarged ends of a long bone
◦Articular cartilage – a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; covers and protects the articular (joint) surfaces
◦Periosteum – dense, white, fibrous membrane covers the bone’s exterior (except at the joint surfaces, where the articular cartilage forms the covering)
◦Medullary (marrow) cavity – hollow space throughout the diaphysis of a long bone
◦Endosteum – thin, fibrous membrane lining the medullary cavity and the spaces of spongy bone

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18
Q

◦Diaphysis

A

– hollowed shaft

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19
Q

◦Epiphyses

A

– enlarged ends of a long bone

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20
Q

◦Articular cartilage –

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; covers and protects the articular (joint) surfaces

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21
Q

whats systems make us move?

A

•Skeletal and muscular systems act together to actually produce most of your body movements

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22
Q

Approximately how many muscles do we have ?

A

•The body has over 600 muscles comprising 40 to 50 percent of your body weight

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23
Q

what is the general functions of the skeletal test

A 
◦Permit movement
◦Produce heat
◦Stabilize our joints
◦Maintain our posture
  distribution of blood in the body 
  communication
  parastalisis
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24
process of muscle contraction
* Skeletal muscle fiber normally remains “at rest” until it is stimulated to contract * Neuromuscular junction – motor neurons connect to the sarcolemma at the motor endplate * At neuromuscular junction small vesicles in the cytoplasm of the nerve ending release neurotransmitters (acetylcholine or ACh) * Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse quickly across the synaptic cleft and come into contact with the sarcolemma; acetycholine receptors bind with acetylcholine * Action of acetylcholine binding with its receptor molecules produces an impulse; excitation * Acetylcholine fuses with receptor sites on the sarcolemma; opens sodium ion gates * Depolarization wave spreads across the surface of the muscle cell membrane and down into the T tubules
25
•Myoglobin –
oxygen storage molecule with a red color
26
rigamortus set in when and lasts about how long ?
12 to 24 hours for it to set in and lasts about 24 hours
27
•Atrophy –
decrease in muscle mass
28
•Hypertrophy –
increase in muscle mass
29
what is isotonic movement vs isometric movement ?
◦Isotonic – muscle shortens and produces | ◦Isometric – muscle pulls forcefully against a load but does not shorten
30
◦Descriptive terms of muscles:
* Parallel – long and strap-like * Circular – encircle body tubes or openings * Convergent – look like the blades of a fan
31
◦Agonist –
muscle (or group of muscles) that directly performs a specific movement
32
Antagonists –
◦ muscles that when contracting directly oppose agonists
33
Synergists
◦ – muscles that contract at the same time as agonists; complement the actions of the agonists
34
Fixator muscles
◦ – serve to stabilize joints; often help maintain posture or balance when agonists are contracting
35
What does the urinary system do ?
»The urinary system produces urine, it also balances the composition of our blood plasma regulates the content of blood plasma so the homeostasis, or “dynamic constancy,” of the entire internal fluid environment can be within normal limits
36
Hilum
-concave notch on medial surface where vessels and tubes enter kidney
37
how do the kidneys regulate blood pressure and volume
?
38
about the kidneys ?
+Resemble kidney beans; roughly oval, about the size of a small football (Figure 23-1) +Right kidney is often slightly smaller than the left +Lie in a retroperitoneal position +Lie on either side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3 +Renal fat pad – encases each kidney and helps to hold it in position +Hilum – concave notch on medial surface where vessels and tubes enter kidney
39
What is a Ureter?
tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder Lined with transitional epithelium; permits significant stretching Composed of three layers of tissue: Mucous lining Muscular, middle layer Fibrous outer layer
40
about the urinary bladder?
˃Urinary bladder – muscular, collapsible bag located directly behind the pubic symphysis and in front of the rectum +Lies below the parietal peritoneum +Wall of the bladder is made mostly of smooth muscle tissue Three openings in the floor of the bladder: Two from the incoming ureters One from the outgoing urethra Bladder performs two major functions: It serves as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body Aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body
41
tell me about the urethra?
˃Urethra – small tube lined with mucous membrane; leads from the floor of the bladder to the exterior of the body +In females, it extends downward and forward from the bladder for a distance of about 3 cm +Male urethra extends along a winding path for about 20 cm; passes through the center of the prostate gland just after leaving the bladder; extends downward, then forward, then upward to enter the base of the penis and ends as a urinary meatus at the tip of the penis –Also serves as a pathway for semen
42
Micturition (urination)
As bladder volume increases, micturition contractions (of detrusor muscle) increase and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes Relaxation of the internal sphincters along with the micturition contractions of the bladder wall can force urine out of the bladder and through the urethra
43
is urine sterile ?
yes
44
what is a Nephron?
microscopic functional unit; make up bulk of each kidney; each nephron is made up of two regions and connects to a shared collecting duct
45
what is a Renal corpuscle ?
first part of the nephron; made up of the Bowman capsule and the glomerulus
46
What is a Bowman capsule ?
cup-shaped mouth of a nephron –Formed by two layers of epithelial cells with a capsular space (Bowman space) –Pedicels in the visceral layer are packed closely together to form filtration slits; a slit diaphragm prevents filtration slits from enlarging under pressure
47
there are how many nephrons are there?
about 2 and a half million
48
what are the 3 doff
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
49
•Hemodynamics
– refers to the various mechanisms that influence the movement of blood
50
What are•Four structures make up the core of the electrical conduction system of the heart:
* Sinoatrial (SA) node * Atrioventricular (AV) node * AV Bundle (bundle of His) * Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)
51
Atrial systole
• – contracting myocardium of the atria forces the blood into the ventricles below; represented by the P wave on an ECG
52
•Ventricular contraction –
brief period between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves; marked by the R wave on the ECG
53
•Passive ventricular filling –
continuing return of venous blood from the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins increases pressure within both atria until the atrioventricular valves are forced open
54
•Ventricular relaxation (diastole) –
period between closing of the semilunar valves and the opening of the atrioventricular valves
55
•Types of Bone Cells – three major types
◦Osteoblasts – small cells in the inner layer of the periosteum that secrete an important organic part of the ground substance ◦Osteoclasts – break down old bone by dissolving the bone minerals ◦Osteocytes – mature bone cells (Figure 8-5)
56
•Elastic cartilage –
gives flexible but definite form to the external ear, the epiglottis, and the auditory tubes
57
•Fibrocartilage –
less matrix and more fibrous elements; strong, rigid, and most often found within regions of dense connective tissue ◦Found in the symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks
58
your body has approx how many bones
600
59
your bones account for how much of your body weight
40 -50 %
60
the general functions of skeletal muscles
◦Permit movement ◦Produce heat ◦Stabilize our joints ◦Maintain our posture
61
muscles rely on what to function
the ability of the muscles to respond to the endocrine and nervous system
62
what does the respiratory system do ?
* The respiratory system functions as a gas distributor and exchanger * The respiratory system filters, warms, and humidifies the air we breath, in provides us with vocal communication and olfaction * The respiratory system also plays a vital physiological role in our bodies by regulating homeostasis of metabolism, circulation, electrolyte and water balance, and acidity of the blood
63
the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system
serves to maintain fluid balance helps immune system helps absorb lipids from digestion
64
the lymphatic system
is an open system acts as a drainage system picks up approx 4 litres a day
65
Lymph is?
clear fluid found in the lymphatic vessel resembles plasma
66
how much total blood protein leaks out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid ?
50%
67
structure of a lymph node
oval or bean shaped they are through out the body lots of lymph vessels going in only one leaving most are in clusters
68
how manyy lymph nodes are there ?
500-600
69
spleen
acts as a reservoir for blood defence formation of blood platelet destruction/erythocyte
70
cell tolerance
is where are immune system recognizes our bodies and doesn't attack
71
innate immunity
non- specific
72
adaptive immunity
is when you are exposed and the body can recognise the threat and targets attacks
73
what are the first lines of defence ?
skin and mucous membrane and normal flora (bacteria )
74
phagocytosis
packman cell eating and breaking down cells
75
inflammatory Responce
second line of defence
76
chemotaxis is ?
chemical attraction bring leukocytes to the area
77
natural killer cells
release chemicals that the membrane to rupture
78
interferon
interrupts the reproduction of virus
79
compliment
marks /tags the cells that are foreign so immune system can keep track
80
anti bodies/ ...................plasma make anti bodies
surround and makes a barriers round foreign cells
81
T cells
attacker cells directly
82
types of hormones
tropic sex anabolic
83
steroid hormones
fat based or lipid based / can move through the membrane of cell / can influence the dna (code)
84
non steroid hormones
protein based delivers message through receptor causes a change in the cell forming a second msg and the messagge is recieve
85
Pituitary gland
2 parts anterior pituitary gland *creates the growth hormone / prolactin (milk production) *thyroid stimulating hormone/ Adrenal gland /follical stimulating (overies) Posterior pituitary * serves as storage for antidiuretic / oxytocin
86
hypothalamus
almond sized | makes some of the hormones stored in the pituitary gland
87
thyroid gland
thyroid hormones effect your metabolism t3 and t4 | calcitonin controls calcium (it lowers calcium levels by increasing bone formation )
88
pineal gland
melatonin for sleep aid
89
para thyroid glands
para thyroid hormone - increases the level of calcium in your blood /or ingested from food
90
adrenal glands
cortisol - accelerated protein breakdown /maintains blood pressure/stress Responce gonadocorticoids - sex hormones Epinephrine- adrenaline noreepinphrine
91
pancreas
inclin- lets you use blood sugar glucagon- increases blood sugar levels somatostatin -regulates other cells
92
gonads
testes - testosterone | overies - estrogen -progesterone

anatomy (2 decks)

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