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Systems Analysis & Design > Systems Analysis & Design Test 1 > Flashcards

Systems Analysis & Design Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the first step of the SDLC?

A

Identify problem & obtain approval.

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1
Q

How many steps are there in the system development life cycle?

A

Six

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2
Q

What is the second step of the system development life cycle?

A

Plan and monitor the project.

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3
Q

What is the third step of the system development life cycle?

A

Discover & understand details.

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4
Q

What is the fourth step of the system development life cycle?

A

Design system components.

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5
Q

What is the fifth step of the system development life cycle?

A

Build, test, and integrate system components.

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6
Q

What is the sixth step of the system development life cycle?

A

Complete system tests & deploy system.

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7
Q

What is another name of the third step of the SDLC?

A

Systems analysis is the other name of this step of the SDLC.

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8
Q

What do ovals in the workflow diagram represent?

A

This represent an activity in a workflow diagram.

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9
Q

Define technology architecture.

A

This is the sum of computing hardware, networking hardware, and system software that makes up an organization’s system.

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10
Q

Define application architecture.

A

This is how system software and resources are structured in order to carry out a business’s information systems.

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11
Q

Define “system design”.

A

This is those activities which allow a person to describe, in detail, the system that solves their need.

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12
Q

Define a project.

A

This is a planned undertaking with a specified beginning and end, and produces a definite result.

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13
Q

What is the basic philosophy of Agile Development?

A

The basic philosophy of this development methodology is that neither team members nor the user completely understands the problems and complexities of a new system, so the project plan and the execution of the project must be responsive to unanticipated issues.

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14
Q

What is iterative development?

A

Iterative development is a methodology of “growing” a project organically, in cycles. Core components are created first, and then additional components are added. It’s iterative, because the six main processes of the SDLC are repeated over and over again, resulting in what amounts to several “mini-projects”, instead of one big one.

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15
Q

What are examples of the sorts of activities that go on in step one of the SDLC?

A

During this step, a specific business need is documented, along with a proposed solution to that need. Once this is done, approval is sought out and obtained.

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16
Q

What sort of activities go on in the second step of the SDLC?

A

Business analysis and project management activities - specifically, determining the major components (functional areas) that are needed, defining the iterations and assigning each functional area to an iteration, and determining team members and their responsibilities. This includes designing subsystems and whatnot (since subsystems are simply components of the whole system.

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17
Q

In what phase of the SDLC is the work breakdown structure created?

A

This method of determining the steps needed to complete a project (and the times that each step will take) is done within the second step of the SDLC.

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18
Q

What sort of activities occur on the third step of the SDLC?

A

On this step of the SDLC, the system is examined in more detail, with basic fact-finding done to better understand the system’s needs, the creation of use cases and use case diagrams, and creating an initial list of classes and their associated class diagrams.

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19
Q

What are postconditions?

A

These are what must be true on the successful completion of a use case.

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20
Q

What is a precondition?

A

These are states that must be true before a use case can begin.

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21
Q

What is an exception condition?

A

This is when the use case is started but would not deliver the benefit.

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22
Q

What does WBS stand for?

A

Work breakdown structure.

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23
Q

An information system development process that emphasizes flexibility to embrace change is called?

A

Adaptive development projects

Agile development

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24
Q

The P in the FURPS acronym stands for _______.

A

Performance requirements, things like:

Speed, Efficiency, Resource Consumption (power, ram, cache, etc), Throughput, Capacity, Scalability

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25
Q

What does FURPS stand for?

A 
Functionality
Usability
Reliability
Performance
Supportability
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26
Q

The term _______ refers to all the people who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system.

A

Stakeholder

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27
Q

The term _____ refers to an approach that completes parts of a system in one or more iterations and puts them into operation for users.

A

Incremental development.

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28
Q

_____ is a philosophy and set of guidelines for developing software in an unknown, rapidly changing environment.

A

Agile development.

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29
Q

An approach to the SDLC where phases overlap is often referred to as the _____ approach.

A

Modified waterfall.

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30
Q

An event that occurs by reaching a point in time is called a _____ event.

A

Temporal.

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31
Q

The _____ indicates that events should be included during analysis only if the system would be required to respond under ideal conditions.

A

Perfect technology assumptions.

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32
Q

What type of stakeholders are those that do not use the system on day-to-day tasks, but use information, such as reports, from the system?

A

Executive stakeholders.

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33
Q

What are client stakeholders?

A

There are internal and external client stakeholders. Internal client stakeholders are individuals within the client organization. External client stakeholders are their customers.

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34
Q

One important reason fro prioritizing requirements is to _____.

A

Avoid scope creep.

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35
Q

What is “Net Present Value”?

A

The present value of dollar benefits and dollar costs of a particular investment.

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36
Q

What is “Payback Period”?

A

The time period after which the dollar benefits have offset the dollar costs.

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37
Q

What are “Tangible Benefits”?

A

Benefits that can be measured or estimated in terms of dollars.

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38
Q

What are “Intangible Benefits?”

A

Benefits that cannot be measured in dollars, but the organization gains from.

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39
Q

What is the formula for discount factor?

A

1 / ((1 + Discount Rate) ^ Year)

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40
Q

The objective of the ____ phase is to keep the system running productively after its initial installation.

A

Support

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41
Q

A(n) _____ approach tot he SDLC is used when the requirements of a system or needs of users are well-understood.

A

Predictive

42
Q

What are the two primary types of SDLC?

A

Predictive - Where we know the user needs and have low technical risk.
Adaptive - Where requirements are uncertain and technology is new.

43
Q

T/F: Before using the user goal technique the analyst must first identify and classify all the types of system users.

A

True

44
Q

What are the PMBOK knowledge areas?

A 
Integration 
Scope 
Time 
Cost 
Quality 
Human Resource 
Communications 
Risk 
Procurement 
Stakeholders
45
Q

T/F: Each use case is used by only one actor

A

False

46
Q

T/F: One way to determine whether an occurrence is an event or part of the interaction before or after an event is by asking if any long pauses or intervals occur

A

True

47
Q

T/F: A document to help define the scope of the new system is called a vision statement

A

True

48
Q

A development process where the system is grown piece by piece is called _____.

A

Incremental development

49
Q

A document that identifies and lists all of the tasks to be completed within an iteration is called a _____.

A

Work breakdown structure.

50
Q

What does CRUD stand for?

A

Create, read, update and delete

51
Q
  1. An event that occurs when something inside the system triggers the need for processing, but usually as a consequence of external activity is called a ____ event.
A

State

52
Q

An important step in using the CRUD technique is to _______.

A

Identifying the data entities.

53
Q

What is a data entity?

A

An entity may be defined as a thing which is recognized as being capable of an independent existence and which can be uniquely identified. An entity is an abstraction from the complexities of a domain. When we speak of an entity, we normally speak of some aspect of the real world which can be distinguished from other aspects of the real world.

They are generally nouns.

54
Q

One technique to find the “things” that need to be included in the new system begins by starting with a user and the use cases and then try to identify the necessary informational “things.” This technique is called the

A

Brainstorming technique

55
Q

The purpose of a use case is to _______.

A

Identify a business event that requires system action.

56
Q

What is usually the end result of an iteration?

A

A piece of working code

57
Q

The term ____ refers to an approach that completes parts of a system in one or more iterations and puts them into operation for users.

A

incremental development

58
Q

The organization and direction of other people to achieve a planned result within a predetermined schedule and budget is called what?

A

Project management

59
Q

What are the two core processes of the SDLC?

A

Understand the details of the problem.

Design the components.

60
Q

What is the event decomposition technique?

A

This is when you identify all the events that would cause the system to respond, and using them to form use cases.

61
Q

What is the user goal technique?

A

A technique to identify use cases by determining what specific goals or objectives must be completed by a user.

62
Q

A planned undertaking that has a beginning and an end and produces some result is called a _____.

A

Project.

63
Q

A document that identifies and lists all of the tasks to be completed within an iteration is called a _____.

A

Work breakdown structure.

64
Q

A development approach in which the complete system structure is built but with minimum functionality is called the _____.

A

Walking skeleton.

65
Q

A technique that is best used to validate the list of existing use cases is called the _____ technique.

A

CRUD

66
Q

The term _____ describes the time period after which the dollar benefits have offset the dollar costs.

A

Payback Period

68
Q

What are the main components of cost-benefit analysis?

A 
Discount rate
Discount factor 1/((1+Discount rate)^year)
Development costs
Value of benefits
Operating costs
69
Q

What does FURPS+ entail?

A 
Functionality
Usability
Reliability
Performance
Security
\+ Design Constraints
\+ Implementation
\+ Interface
\+ Physical
\+ Supportability
70
Q

What are design constraints?

A

Restrictions to which the hardware and software must adhere, such as memory or storage limitations.

71
Q

What are implementation requirements?

A

Requirements like programming languages and tools, documentation methods and level of detail, or a specific communication protocol.

72
Q

What are interface requirements?

A

Not traditional user interface interfaces, but interfaces between systems.

73
Q

What are physical requirements?

A

Restrictions such as size, weight, heat limitations, battery life, etc.

74
Q

What are supportability requirements?

A

How a system is installed, configured, monitored and updated; traditional “support”.

75
Q

What is a textual model?

A

A model that is based on text; notes, memos, reports, etc.

76
Q

What is an operational stakeholder?

A

Those who regularly interact with the system over the course of their jobs or their lives. Customers interacting with a checkout system, or factory workers and a scheduling system.

77
Q

What is a workflow?

A

The sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request.

78
Q

What is a synchronization bar?

A

In an activity diagram, it is the component that either splits a control path into multiple concurrent paths, or recombines concurrent paths.

79
Q

What is a swimlane heading?

A

In an activity diagram, it is a column containing all activities for a single agent/organizational unit.

80
Q

What does a diamond represent in an activity diagram?

A

It represents a decision point, where the flow of the process could split.

81
Q

What does a black dot in an activity diagram represent?

A

It represents the start or the end of an activity.

82
Q

What does a horizontal bar represent in an activity diagram?

A

It can be used to represent the start or end of a loop in a process.

83
Q

What are the steps of the user goal technique?

A
  1. Identify all potential users for the new system.
  2. Classify the users in terms of their functional role (Shipping, marketing, sales, etc)
  3. Further classify users by organizational level (operational, management, executive)
  4. Interview each type of user to find their goals for the new system.
  5. Create use cases for each type of user.
  6. Look for duplicates
84
Q

What is an elementary business process?

A

The most fundamental task in a business process, which usually a response to an event.

85
Q

What is an actor?

A

An actor is a person or organizational unit that supplies or receives data from the system.

86
Q

What is the perfect technology assumption?

A

The perfect technology assumption is the assumption that a system runs under prefect operating and technological conditions.

87
Q

How does the event composition technique work?

A

Consider all the events that fall under each category (external, temporal, state) and create a use case for each, then screen them through the “perfect technology assumption”, and then remove any that require system controls (such as logging in/out, changing passwords, etc).

88
Q

What are the three types of event?

A

External, temporal, state.

89
Q

What are system controls?

A

System controls are checks or safety procedures put in place to protect the security of the system and data (password checks, etc).

90
Q

Describe the steps of the CRUD technique.

A
  1. Identify all data entities or classes in the new system.
  2. For each data entity or class, check against CRUD to see if a new instance is created, an instance is updated, a report of an instance is created, or if an instance is deleted.
91
Q

What is the automation boundary?

A

In a use case diagram, the automation boundary is a line that shows the border between the computerized portion of the application and the user who operates it.

92
Q

What is the <> relationship?

A

In use case diagrams, the <> relationship shows that a use case is commonly a part of a larger use-case, represented by a dashed line with a carrot on the end.

93
Q

What is cardinality?

A

Cardinality is the measure of the number of links between one object and another object in a relationship (one-to-one, one-to-many, etc).

94
Q

In an ERD, what does a single perpendicular line before an entity mean?

A

It means exactly one (mandatory).

95
Q

In an ERD, what does a circle before an entity mean?

A

It means that zero is an option.

96
Q

What is a class?

A

A class is a category or classification used to describe a collection of objects.

97
Q

What is “problem domain”?

A

Problem domain is the specific area of the user’s business that is included within the scope of the new system.

98
Q

What is camelback notation?

A

Camelback notation is when words run together wtihout spaces. In this notation, class names begin with a capital letter, attribute names with a lowercase.

99
Q

In a domain class model, what are the various notations?

A

0..1 - Zero or one
0..* - Zero or more
1 - One and only one
1..* - One or more

100
Q

What is a concrete class?

A

A concrete class is a class that actually has objects in it (actual objects, not sub-classes or attributes).

101
Q

What three things should a good system vision document contain?

A

A description of the problem, the capabilities of the system, and the business benefits of the system.

102
Q

How do you calculate the payback period?

A

To figure out the payback period, you’ll figure out which two years mark the boundary between being in the negative and making a profit.
| Beginning Amount | / (End Amount + | Beginning Amount |) * 365

103
Q

How do you calculate ROI?

A

Cumulative Net Present Value / Development Costs + Cumulative Value of Operating Costs

Systems Analysis & Design (3 decks)

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