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Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Normal flora skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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2
Q

Normal flora nose

A

S. epidermidis, colonized by S. aureus

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3
Q

Normal flora oropharynx

A

Viridans group streptococci

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4
Q

Normal flora dental plaque

A

Streptococcus mutans

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5
Q

Normal flora colon

A

Bacteroides fragilis > E. coli

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6
Q

Normal flora vagina

A

Lactobacillus, colonized by E. coli and group B strep

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7
Q

Food poisoning from seafood

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus

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8
Q

Food poisoning from reheated rice

A

Bacillus cereus

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9
Q

Food poisoning from meats, mayo, custard

A

S. aureus (preformed toxin)

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10
Q

Food poisoning from reheated meat dishes

A

Clostridium perfringes

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11
Q

Food poisoning from improperly canned foods

A

C. botulinum

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12
Q

Food poisoning from undercooked meat

A

E. coli O157:H7

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13
Q

Food poisoning from poultry, meat, eggs

A

Salmonella

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14
Q

Mimics appendicitis

A

Yersinia entercolitica is MCC of mesenteric adenitis
Nontyphoidal Salmonella
Camplyobacter jejuni

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15
Q

Bugs that cause bloody diarrhea

A

Campylobacter - comma/s-shpaed, 42 C
Salmonella - lactose (-), flagellar motility, animal reservoir, poultry/eggs
Shigella - lactose (-), low ID50, Shiga toxin
EHEC - O157:H7, HUS, Shiga-like toxin
EIEC - invades colonic mucosa
Yersinia enterocolitica - daycare outbreaks, pseudoappendicitis
Entamoeba histolytica - protozoan

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16
Q

Bugs that cause watery diarrhea

A

ETEC - traveler’s diarrhea, ST/LT toxin
Vibrio cholerae - comma shaped, rice water
C. difficile - bloody too, pseudomembranous
C. perfringens - gas gangrene
Protozoa - giardia, cryptosporidium (IC)
Viruses - rotavirus, norovirus

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17
Q

Bugs that cause pneumonia in neonates

A

Group B streptococci

E. coli

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18
Q

Bugs that cause pneumonia in children

A 
Viruses - RSV
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia trachomatis
C.pneumoniae
Streptococcus penumoniae
(Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum)
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19
Q

Bugs that cause pneumonia in adults

A

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

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20
Q

Bugs that cause pneumonia in older adults

A 
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Anaerobes
Viruses
Mycoplasma
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21
Q

Bugs that cause pneumonia in elderly

A 
S. pneumoniae
Influenza
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
Gram-negative rods
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22
Q

Nosocomial bugs pneumonia

A

Staphylococcus, enteric gram negative rods

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23
Q

IC bugs pneumonia

A

Staphylococcus, enteric gram negative rods, fungi, viruses, Pneumocystis

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24
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

Anaerobes

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25
Q

Alcoholic/IVDA pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae
Klebsiella
Staphylococcus

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26
Q

Cystic fibrosis pneumonia

A

Pseudomonas
S.aureus
S. pneumoniae

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27
Q

Postviral pneumonia

A

Staphylococcus
H. influenzae
S. pneumoniae

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28
Q

Atypical pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

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29
Q

Meningitis of newborns

A

Group B streptococci
E. coli
Listeria

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30
Q

Meningitis of children

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Enteroviruses

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31
Q

Meningitis of 6 to 60 yoa

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis (#1 in teens)
Enteroviruses
HSV

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32
Q

Meningitis of 60 + yoa

A

S. pneumoniae
Gram-negative rods
Listeria

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33
Q

Tx for meningitis

A

ceftriaxone and vancomycin empirically and add ampicillin if Listeria is suspected

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34
Q

Viral causes of meningitis

A 
Enteroviruses (coxsackievirus)
HSV2
HIV
West Nile
VZV
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35
Q

Meningitis for HIV +

A

Cryptococcus, CMV, toxoplasmosis (brain abscess), JC virus

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36
Q

Bacterial CSF findings

A

increase opening pressure
increased PMN
increased protein
decreased glucose

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37
Q

Fungal/TB CSF findings

A

increased opening pressure
increased lymphocytes
increased protein
decreased glucose

38
Q

Viral CSF findings

A

Normal to increased opening pressure
increased lymphocytes
normal to increase protein
normal glucose

39
Q

osteomyelitis typical bug
children or adults?
what other tests?

A

s. aureus
children
elevated CRP and ESP

40
Q

osteomyelitis bug if sexually active

A

N. gonorrhoeae, septic arthritis more common

41
Q

osteomyelitis bug if diabetics/IVDA

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia

42
Q

osteomyelitis bug if sickle cell

A

Salmonella

43
Q

osteomyelitis bug if prosthetic replacement

A

S. aureus, S. epidermidis

44
Q

osteomyelitis bug if vertebral disease

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis (pott’s disease)

45
Q

osteomyelitis bug if cat and dog bites or scratches

A

Pasteurella multocida

46
Q

UTI
Cause:
Clinical:
Males vs females:

A

UTI
Cause: ascension of microbes from urethra to bladder and can result in pyelonephritis - fevers, chills, flank pain, CVA tenderness, hematuria, WBC casts
Clinical: dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, WBCs in urine
Males: infants w/ congenital defects, vesicoureteral reflux, enlarged prostate
Females: 10x more common
Predisposing factors: obstruction, kidney surgery, catheterization, GU malformation, diabetes, pregnancy
Dx: positive leukocyte esterase test for bacterial and positive nitrate test for gram neg bacterial and urease test (proteus, klebsiella)

47
Q

Leading cause of UTI

A

Escherichia coli
Green metallic sheen on EMB agar
(-) urease test

48
Q

2nd leading cause of community acquired UTI in sexually active women

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

49
Q

3rd leading cause of UTI

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae - large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies
(+) urease test

50
Q

Red pigment producing, nosocomial and drug resistant UTI bug

A

Serratia marcescens

51
Q

Nosocomial and drug resistant UTI

A

Enterobacter cloacae

52
Q

Motility causes swarming on agar; produces urease; associated with struvite stones; UTI bug

A

Proteus mirabilis

53
Q

Blue-green pigment and fruity odor; usually nosocomial and drug resistant UTI bug

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

54
Q

ToRCHeS infections

A 
Microbes that may pass from mother to fetus; transmission is transplacental; signs - hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation.
Toxoplasma gondii
Rubella
CMV
HIV 
Herpes simplex virus 2
Syphilis
Others: s. agalactiae, e. coli, listeria monocytogenes, meningitis of neonates
55
Q

Toxoplasma gondii as a TORCH

A

Cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat
Usually asymptomatic lymphadenopathy
Triad: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

56
Q

Rubella as a TORCH

A

Respiratory droplets
Rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis
Triad: PDA, cataracts, deafness and blueberry muffin rash

57
Q

CMV as a TORCH

A

Sexual contact/organ transplant
Usually asymptomatic - mono like illness
Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, blueberry muffin rash

58
Q

HIV as a TORCH

A

Sexual contact, needlestick
Variable depending on CD4+ count
Recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea

59
Q

HSV2 as a TORCH

A

Skin or mucous membrane contact
Usually asymptomatic, herpetic lesions
Encephalitis, herpetic lesions

60
Q

Syphilis as a TORCH

A

Sexual contact
Chancre and disseminated rash are the two stages likely to result in fetal infxn
Stillbirth, hydrops fetalis, if child survives presents with facial abnormalities (notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla), saber shins, CN VIII, deafness

61
Q

Rubella virus rash

A

Rash begins at head and moves down –> fine truncal rash, postauricular lymphadenopathy

62
Q

Measles rash

A

A paramyxovirus begins at head and movign down

rash preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and blue-white Koplik’s spots on buccal mucosa

63
Q

VZV rash

A

chickenpox

begins on trunk –> spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different age

64
Q

HHV-6 rash

A

Roseola
macular rash over body appears after several days of fever
febrile seizures
usually affects infants

65
Q

Parvovirus B19 rash

A

erythema infectiosum
slapped cheek rash on face
can cause hydrops fetalis in pregnant women

66
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes rash

A

scarlet fever

erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat

67
Q

Coxsackievirus type A rash

A

Hand-foot-mouth disease

Vesicular rash on palms and soles, ulcers in oral mucosa

68
Q

Gonorrhea
Clinical
Organism

A

Urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epididymitis, arthritis, creamy purulent discharge
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

69
Q

Primary syphilis
Clinical
Organism

A

Painless chancre

Treponema pallidum

70
Q

Secondary syphilis
Clinical
Organism

A

Fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rashes, condylomata lata

Treponema pallidum

71
Q

Tertiary syphilis
Clinical
Organism

A

Gummas, tabes dorsalis, general paresis, aortitis, Argyll Robertson pupil
Treponema pallidum

72
Q

Chancroid
Clinical
Organism

A

Painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy

Haemophilus ducreyi

73
Q

Genital herpes
Clinical
Organism

A

Painful penile, vulvar or cervical vesicles and ulcers; cause cause systemic symptoms such as fever, HA, myalgia
HSV2, less commonly HSV1

74
Q

Chlamydia
Clinical
Organism

A 
Urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis, Reiter's syndrome, PID
Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)
75
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum
Clinical
Organism

A

Infection of lymphatics; genital ulcers, lymphadenopathy, rectal strictures
C. trachomatis (L1-L3)

76
Q

Trichomoniasis
Clinical
Organism

A

Vaginitis, strawberry colored mucosa, motile in wet prep

Trichomonas vaginalis

77
Q

AIDS
Clinical
Organism

A

Opportunistic infections, Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma

HIV

78
Q

Condylomata acuminata
Clinical
Organism

A

Genital warts, koilocytes

HPV6 and 11

79
Q

Hepatitis B
Clinical
Organism

A

Jaundice

HBV

80
Q

Bacterial vaginosis
Clinical
Organism

A

Noninflammatory, malodorous discharge (fishy smell), positive whiff test, clue cells, non exclusively an STD
Gardnerella vaginalis

81
Q

PID
Bugs:
Clinical:
Risk for:

A

PID
Bugs: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Clinical: cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign), purulent cervical discharge; salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx, tubo-ovarian abscess
Risk for: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (infxn of liver capsule and violin string adhesions or parietal peritoneum); ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, adhesions

82
Q

Nosocomial infections newborn nursery

A

CMV, RSV

83
Q

Nosocomial infections urinary catheterization

A

E. coli, Proteus mirabilis

84
Q

Nosocomial infections wound infection

A

S. aureus

85
Q

Nosocomial infections respiratory therapy equipment

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa or when burns are involved

86
Q

Nosocomial infections in renal dialysis unit

A

HBV

87
Q

Nosocomial infections hyperalimentation

A

Candida albicans

88
Q

Nosocomial infections of water aerosols

A

Legionella - water source

89
Q

Unimmunized children with a rash

A

Beginning at head and moving down with postauricular lymphadenopathy - Rubella

Beginning at head and moving down; rash preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and blue-white spots on buccal mucosa - Measles virus

90
Q

Unimmunized children with meningitis

A

Microbe colonizes nasopharynx - H. influenzae type B

Myalgia and paralysis - Poliovirus

91
Q

Unimmunized children with pharyngitis

A

Grayish oropharyngeal exudate (pseudomembranes can obstruct) with painful throat –> Corynebacterium diphtheriae

92
Q

Unimmunized children with epiglottitis

A

Fever with dysphagia, drooling, and difficulty breathing due to edematous “cherry red” epiglottis –> H. influenzae type B

Microbiology (7 decks)

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