Systems Flashcards
Nervous system:
Nervous system: the system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Central nervous system:
Central nervous system: the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system:
Peripheral nervous system: made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.
Electrical impulses:
Electrical impulses: nerve signals that pass rapidly from the receptors and along the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system
Electrical impulses:
Electrical impulses: nerve signals that pass rapidly from the receptors and along the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system
Neurotransmitters:
Neurotransmitters: chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse
Synapses:
Synapses: the gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nervous impulses are sent
Endocrine system:
Endocrine system: the body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs
Endocrine glands:
Endocrine glands: organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.
Digestive:
Digestive: a complex series of organs and glands that processes food in order to supply your body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively
Respiratory:
Respiratory: concerning the airways or breathing
Circulatory:
Circulatory: the body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood
Excretory systems:
Excretory systems: the body system that removes waste substances from the body
Respiratory system:
Respiratory system: the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide
Trachea:
Trachea: narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves
Lungs:
Lungs: the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
Bronchi:
Bronchi: the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.
Bronchioles:
Bronchioles: small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli
Alveoli:
Alveoli: tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.
Capillaries:
Capillaries: minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries
Enzymes:
Enzymes: special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction
Neurotransmitters:
Neurotransmitters: chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse
Norepinephrine:
Norepinephrine: also called noradrenaline; common neurotransmitter involved in arousal states
Oxygen
Oxygen: a gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration:
Cellular respiration: the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.
Glucose: a r
Glucose: a simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar
Carbon dioxide: a
Carbon dioxide: a gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.
Haemoglobin:
Haemoglobin: the red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Pulmonary vein:
Pulmonary vein: the vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart
Aorta: a
Aorta: a large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of your heart to your body
Arterioles:
Arterioles: vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries
Deoxygenated blood:
Deoxygenated blood: blood from which some oxygen has been removed
Vena cava:
Vena cava: large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart
Vena cava:
Vena cava: large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart
Right ventricle:
Right ventricle: lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary artery:
Pulmonary artery: the vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs
Enzymes
Enzymes: special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction
Chemical digestion
Chemical digestion: the chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body
Mechanical digestion:
Mechanical digestion: digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth
Bolus
Bolus: round, chewed-up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier
Peristalsis:
Peristalsis: the process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles
Villus
Villi: tiny finger-like projections from the wall of the intestine that maximise the surface area of the structure to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Singular = villus.
Colon
Colon: the part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into your body
Large intestine
Large intestine: the penultimate part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body
Vitamin D
Vitamin D: a nutrient that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone, along with other functions
Cellulose
Cellulose: a natural substance that keeps the cell walls of plants rigid
Gall bladder
Gall bladder: a small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body
Nephrons
Nephrons: the filtration and excretory units of the kidney
Ureters:
Ureters: tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder
