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Co-ordination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Multicellular organism

A

an organism that is composed of many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment of the body or part of the body (e.g. blood glucose level, pH, body temperature) in varying external conditions

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3
Q

Stimulus–response model

A

a system in which any changes or variations (stimuli) in the internal environment are detected (by receptors); if a response is required, this is communicated to effectors to bring about some type of change or correction so the conditions can be brought back to normal

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4
Q

Negative feedback

A

a response that reduces the original stimulus

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5
Q

Glucose

A

a simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

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6
Q

Pancreas

A

large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

the main storage carbohydrate in animals, converted from glucose by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle tissue

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8
Q

Insulin

A

hormone that removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver and muscles

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

a reaction in which the response is in the same direction as the stimulus—for example, during childbirth the onset of contractions activates the release of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates further contractions

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10
Q

Oxytocin

A

hormone secreted from the pituitary gland that assists in the formation of bonds between mothers and their babies, and perhaps between people in close relationships

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

the system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

the body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs

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13
Q

Signalling molecules

A

a chemical involved in transmitting information between cells

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14
Q

Central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

A

made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.

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16
Q

Sensory neurons:

A

a nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

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17
Q

Motor neurone

A

the nerve cell that causes an organ, such as a muscle or gland, to respond to a stimulus

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18
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse

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19
Q

Endocrine glands

A

organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.

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20
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.

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21
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Thermoregulation: the control of body temperature

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22
Q

Thermostat

A

body.

Thermostat: a device that establishes and maintains a desired temperature automatically

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23
Q

Sense organ

A

a specialised structure that detects stimuli (such as light, sound, touch, taste and smell) in your environment

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24
Q

Stimuli

A

changes in the environment that can be detected and responded to

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25
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

special cells located in your skin, part of your brain and body core that are sensitive to temperature

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26
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

special cells within the skin, inner ear and skeletal muscles that are sensitive to touch, pressure and motion, enabling you to balance, hear and sense pressure and movement

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27
Q

Chemoreceptors:

A

special cells within a sense organ (especially the nose and tastebuds) that are sensitive to particular chemicals, giving you the sensations of smell and taste

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28
Q

Photoreceptors:

A

a receptor cell located in your eye that is stimulated by light, converting it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain, giving you the sensation of light

29
Q

Pain receptors:

A

special cells located throughout the body (except the brain) that send nerve signals to the brain and spinal cord in the presence of damaged or potentially damaged cells, resulting in the sensation of pain

30
Q

Hot thermoreceptors

A

Hot thermoreceptors: a type of receptor in your skin that can detect an increase in skin temperature above 37.5°C (normal body temperature)

31
Q

Cold thermoreceptors:

A

Cold thermoreceptors: a type of receptor in your skin that can detect a decrease in skin temperature below 35.8 °C

32
Q

Olfactory nerve:

A

Olfactory nerve: nerve that sends signals to the brain from the chemoreceptors in the nose

33
Q

Pupil:

A

Pupil: a hole through which light enters the eye

34
Q

Iris

A

coloured part of the eye that opens and closes the pupil to control the amount of light that enters the eye

35
Q

Reflex action

A

a quick response to a stimulus. Reflex actions do not involve thought.

36
Q

Cornea:

A

Cornea: the curved, clear outer covering of your eye

37
Q

Lens:a

A

a transparent curved object that bends light towards or away from a point called the focus. The eye has a jelly-like lens.

38
Q

Retina:

A

curved surface at the back of the eye. It is lined with sight receptors.

39
Q

Short-sightedness:

A

Short-sightedness: the condition of not being able to see clearly things that are far away

40
Q

Long-sightedness:

A

Long-sightedness: the condition of not being able to see clearly things that are close

41
Q

Optic nerve:

A

Optic nerve: large nerve that sends signals to the brain from the sight receptors in the retina

42
Q

Rods

A

sensory receptors in the retina that respond to low levels of light and allow you to see in black and white in dim light

43
Q

Cones

A

sensory receptors in the retina that respond to red, green or blue light. Cones are mainly in the central part of the retina.

44
Q

Colour blindness

A

Colour blindness: an inherited condition, more common in males, in which a deficiency of one or more of the different types of cones may mean that you find it difficult to see a particular colour or combinations of colours

45
Q

Ear canal

A

the tube that leads from the outside of the ear to the eardrum

46
Q

Ear drum

A

a thin piece of stretched skin inside the ear that vibrates when sound waves reach it

47
Q

Ossicles:

A

Ossicles: a set of three tiny bones that send vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. They also make the vibrations larger.

48
Q

Middle ear

A

the section of the ear between your eardrum and the inner ear, containing the ossicles

49
Q

Cochlea:

A

Cochlea: the snail-shaped part of the inner ear. It is lined with tiny hairs that are vibrated by sound and stimulate the hearing receptors.

50
Q

Auditory nerve:

A

Auditory nerve: a large nerve that sends signals to the brain from the hearing receptors in the cochlea

51
Q

Tongue:

A

Tongue: the sense organ responsible for taste

52
Q

Tastebuds:

A

Tastebuds: nerve endings located in your tongue that contain receptors sensitive to sweet, salty, bitter, sour and savoury chemicals, allowing you to experience taste

53
Q

Papilla:

A

Papilla: bumps on your tongue that are thought to contain tastebuds

54
Q

Dendrites

A

structure that relays information towards the cell body of a neuron

55
Q

Cognition

A

Cognition: another name for thinking or mental activity

56
Q

Emotions

A

feelings, such as happiness, sadness and anger, that are interpreted by the brain

57
Q

Regulating:

A

Regulating: the process by which the brain detects and responds to the body’s internal and external environments

58
Q

Hindbrain

A

Hindbrain: a continuation of the spinal cord

59
Q

Pons

A

part of the brain involved in regulating sleep, arousal and breathing, and coordinating some muscle movements

60
Q

Medulla oblongata:

A

Medulla oblongata: a part of the brain developed from the posterior portion of the hindbrain and continuing with the spinal cord; see also brain stem

61
Q

Reticular formation: a

A

Reticular formation: a network of neurons that opens and closes to increase or decrease the amount of information that flows into and out of the brain

62
Q

Forebrain

A

Forebrain: consists of the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus

63
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Cerebral cortex: the outer, deeply folded surface of the cerebrum

64
Q

Thalamus:

A

Thalamus: part of the brain through which all sensory information from the outside (except smell) passes before going to other parts of the brain for further processing

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the brain with a key role in consolidating learning, comparing new information with previous experience, and converting information from working memory to long-term storage

66
Q

Brain stem

A

the part of the brain connected to the spinal cord, responsible for breathing, heartbeat and digestion. Sometimes called the medulla.

67
Q

Cerebellum:

A

Cerebellum: the part of the brain that controls balance and muscle action

68
Q

Cerebrum:

A

Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain (about 90 per cent of total brain volume), responsible for higher order thinking, controlling speech, conscious thought and voluntary actions. It is made up of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes.

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