systems

Question 1

definition of external respiration

Answer 1

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air inside the lungs and the blood

Question 2

definition of internal respiration

Answer 2

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body’s tissue cells

Question 3

what are the two main requirements for respiration ?

Answer 3

1. A large surface area

2. Moisture/wet

Question 4

definition of hemoglobin

Answer 4

an iron containing protein found in red blood cells, which binds to and transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Question 5

what happens to 99% of oxygen ? the other 1% ?

Answer 5

About 99% of O2 that reaches cells is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells
Remaining 1% of O2 is dissolved in the watery blood plasma

Question 6

how much carbon dioxide is carried in the blood by hemoglobin ? what happens to the remaining percentage ?

Answer 6

23%

Remaining 77% of CO2 is carried in the blood plasma

Question 7

how does blood act like a bus ?

Answer 7

Picks up O2 (red people) and CO2 (blue people)
When an O2 person jumps off (delivered to the cells) a blue person get on the bus
When the bus is full of CO2, it goes to the heart, which pumps the bus to the lungs
The bus unloads the CO2, new batch of O2 load the bus

Question 8

what is pneumonia

Answer 8

alveoli fill with thick fluid, making gas exchange difficult
(Pneumonia is usually what people with AIDS dies from)

Question 9

what is asthma

Answer 9

airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms

Question 10

what does COPD stand for ?

Answer 10

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 11

are COPD’s curable ?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

name two COPD’s

Answer 12

Bronchitis & Emphysema

Question 13

what causes COPD’s ?

Answer 13

smoking

Question 14

what is bronchitis ?

Answer 14

airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic). Coughing brings up mucous

Question 15

what is emphysema ?

Answer 15

alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces. Surface area for gas exchange is reduced

Question 16

what is cystic fibrosis ?

Answer 16

thick, sticky mucous that clogs lungs; leads to difficulty in breathing
Different from the previous 4 because it is genetic
Mutation of a single gene
No cure

Question 17

name 5 respiratory disorders ?

Answer 17

pneumonia 
asthma
bronchitis
emphysema
cystic fibrosis

Question 18

3 technologies for treating lung cancer are

Answer 18

1. Radiation (killing the cancerous cells with radiation)
2. Chemotherapy (treatment with drugs to destroy cancer cells)
3. Surgery (using lasers to destroy tumors or surgically removing it)

Question 19

what are the main functions of circulation ?

Answer 19

1. It transports gases from (the respiratory system), nutrient molecules, and waste materials (from the digestive system)
2. It regulates internal temperature and transports chemical substances (hormones) that are vital to health from one part of the body to the other
3. It protects against blood loss from injury (platelets) and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body (immune system is attached)

Question 20

what are the 3 main components of circulation ?

Answer 20

1. The heart
2. Blood vessels
3. Blood

Question 21

what are the two types of circulatory system ?

Answer 21

1. open circulatory system

2. closed circulatory system

Question 22

definition of open circulatory system

Answer 22

a circulatory system in which vessels open into the animals’ body cavity (internal bleeding in humans)
ex. grasshopper

Question 23

definition of closed circulatory system

Answer 23

a circulatory system in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid
ex. worm

Question 24

what are the 3 types of blood vessels ?

Answer 24

arteries
veins
capillaries

Question 25

what percent of blood is in 1. veins

2. arteries
3. capillaries

Answer 25

1. 65%
2. 30%
3. 5%

Question 26

where does diffusion happen ?

Answer 26

in the capillaries

Question 27

what happens when you drink alcohol ?

Answer 27

Alcohol opens your capillaries
Alcohol makes you warm
Temperature will drop if you’re still in the cold with alcohol in your system
It is only a good idea to have alcohol when you’re cold when you’re close to a warm place or already in a warm place

Question 28

what happens to your blood when you’re cold ?

Answer 28

The blood will go to the core (brain, heart) to keep you alive in cold weather
To retain heat, capillaries close

Question 29

what happens to your blood when you’re hot ?

Answer 29

• When you overheat, your blood travels to the extremities/surface (when your face turns red)
The blood is trying to get rid of the heat
to get rid of heat, capillaries open

Question 30

name 4 circulatory system disorders

Answer 30

arteriosclerosis
aneurysm
congenital heart defect
leukemia

Question 31

what is a stroke ?

Answer 31

bursting of a blood vessel near the brain

Question 32

what is a heart attack ?

Answer 32

bursting of blood vessel near the heart

Question 33

definition of arteriosclerosis

Answer 33

general term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose their elasticity
become harder
like putting your thumb over a hose

Question 34

what is the most common type of arteriosclerosis ?

Answer 34

atherosclerosis; condition in which plaque builds up on the inside of artery walls

Question 35

definition of aneurysm

Answer 35

a bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall

Question 36

definition of congenital heart defect

Answer 36

a heart defect that is present from birth

Question 37

definition of leukemia

Answer 37

cancer of the white blood cells

Question 38

how to treat leukemia ?

Answer 38

1. Blood transfusions (to increase the number of red blood cells and healthy white blood cells)
2. Chemotherapy
3. Bone marrow transplant (provides healthy marrow from which new, healthy white blood cells can grow)