diversity of living things CHAPTER 2

Question 1

what kind of viruses keep changing ?

Answer 1

retroviruses keep changing, the outer coat (lock) changes because they don’t copy well

Question 2

another name for RNA virus ?

Answer 2

retrovirus

Question 3

what is a memory b plate and where are memory B cells found

Answer 3

memory b cells are in breast milk
your body makes a memory b plate when you get sick
the mother passes on the memory b cells, the antibody for viruses
memory b cells are the template for antibodies
new memory b cells are made when you get sick
an older person has more memory b cells than a young person
you have a copy of memory b cells forever

Question 4

what do AIDS attack ?

Answer 4

helper t 4 cells

diseases such as pneumonia will kill you if all your helper t 4 cells are killed

Question 5

which RNA virus was really bad in the 50s

Answer 5

polio
kids were bedridden and crippled; kids were in wheelchairs
no one was allowed to go outside
a miracle was the polio vaccine; people lined up all over America to get vaccinated
still around in some countries (India)

Question 6

what is the chance of dying if you have rabies ?

Answer 6

if you don’t get medication, you will 100% die
almost always fatal, lethal
transferred by the spit of rapid animals
symptoms can submerge in 5 days or even a year

Question 7

who is the master of mutation ? why ?

Answer 7

the common cold
the lock must always be the same to make a key
there is no vaccination

Question 8

how is flu vaccination made ?

Answer 8

the new flu usually comes from Asia (density of humans and animals)
there is a lot of guessing involved in making the vaccine
people are sent to Asia to take note of what kind of flu most people have
vaccines require thousands and thousands of chicken eggs
vaccins are injected into the chicken eggs (eggs are cells)
they hope to make a vaccine that will be like a master key (fits every lock)

Question 9

flu is one of a few rare viruses that has ….

Answer 9

its genome in separate segments (eight)
this increases the potential for recombinants to form (by interchange of gene segments if two different viruses infect the same cell) and may contribute to the rapid development of new flu strains in nature

Question 10

what is the worst case scenario for viruses ?

Answer 10

mixed virus

avian and human strains recombining in pigs in the far east may permit virulent human strains to evolve

Question 11

what does virus mean in latin

Answer 11

poison

Question 12

when was the Spanish flu the deadliest in American history ?

Answer 12

October, 1918

Question 13

how many americans died in one month ?

Answer 13

195 000

Question 14

how many people worldwide died from the Spanish flu ?

Answer 14

30-50 million

Question 15

more people died from ___ than ___

Answer 15

the Spanish flu then from WWI

Question 16

why is it called the Spanish flu ?

Answer 16

because spain was the only country printing news about it since spain wasn’t involved in the war

Question 17

where did the Spanish flu start

Answer 17

in the U.S.

fort Riley, Kansas

Question 18

when did the spanish flu mutate ?

Answer 18

before it was brought to Europe, by the time it was brought back it was worse

Question 19

what happens to your skin and lungs when you have the Spanish flu ?

Answer 19

your skin will rot and turn black
your lungs fill with fluid, you suffocate to death
pneumonia will kill you

Question 20

why is a virus not considered a living thing

Answer 20

they don’t display the essential characteristics of living
they don’t breathe or move around
are not cellular, so they don’t have a cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles, or cell membranes
do not reproduce

Question 21

“the ultimate parasite”

Answer 21

virus

Question 22

how big is a virus ?

Answer 22

10 nm to 275 nm

Question 23

can antibiotics be used to treat bacterial infections and viruses ?

Answer 23

only for bacteria but not viruses

Question 24

what are viruses composed of ?

Answer 24

a molecule of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Question 25

what is another name for a protein coat ?

Answer 25

capsid

Question 26

what does the protein coat do ?

Answer 26

protects the nucleic acid and determines what type of cell a virus can infect (helps the virus attach itself to specific receptors on the host cell- "lock and key"

Question 27

RNA viruses have a special enzyme called

Answer 27

reverse transcriptase (turns RNA into DNA)

Question 28

how do viruses manipulate cells into producing new viruses ?

Answer 28

they force the living cell into producing new viruses by incorporating their viral genes into the host cell's DNA once inserted, the viral DNA is called a provirus and is replicated along with the host's DNA

Question 29

which type of virus is usually more lethal ? why ?

Answer 29

RNA viruses are more lethal than DNA viruses they have a latency period, so they remain hidden before the body's immune system is triggered during this time, many viruses are being produced in the host cells, using the host's raw materials and machinery

Question 30

RNA viruses comprise ___ % of all viruses

Answer 30

70 and have a higher mutation rate

Question 31

RNA virus analogy

Answer 31

guerilla warfare hide in the forest, stockpiling weapons and troops surprise attack during the night

Question 32

DNA virus analogy

Answer 32

marching british redcoats | drums and flags in an open field in daylight

Question 33

list some RNA viruses

Answer 33

``` HIV/Aids polio rabies, common cold influenza measles mumps sars ```

Question 34

list some DNA viruses

Answer 34

``` mono cold sores chicken pox small pox shingles warts herpes ```

Question 35

smallpox is the exception | when was it declared extinct ?

Answer 35

all the natives were killed with smallpox north America was conquered with disease smallpox was declared extinct in 1979 the last cause died in 1977

Question 36

which virus is sars-like ?

Answer 36

``` corona virus traced back to the middle-east contagious, passed from human to human from bats spread in Mecca- a monument that holds millions ```

Question 37

what are the non viral disease-causing agents ?

Answer 37

prions first discovered in the 80s by Stanley Pruisner prions are proteins that are normally found in the body only disease causing agents that lack RNA or DNA they change their molecular shape to become harmful normally harmless cause brain disease, mad cow disease/ CJD millions of cows were slaughtered

Question 38

Jenny McCarthy blamed her sons autisms on

Answer 38

vaccines phony article stated that mercury was used in vaccines to store it and was causing the autism the author made up all the data she started an anti-vaccine campaign

Question 39

what are viral vectors ?

Answer 39

viruses enter host cells and direct the activity of the host cell's DNA, they can be useful tools for genetic engineers for example, if researchers want to make a copy of a gene, they first insert the gene into the genetic material of a virus the virus then enters the host cell and directs the cell to make multiple copies of the new virus each new virus in each new cell contains the added gene that the researchers wanted to copy

Question 40

are bacteria and archaea similar ?

Answer 40

they are more different from each other than an apple tree is from a blue whale

Question 41

what metabolism is unique in archaea ?

Answer 41

methanogenesis = a biological process that produces methane as a by-product which is an anaerobic process (without oxygen) that occurs in environments that lack oxygen

Question 42

where is methanogenesis found ?

Answer 42

found often in the gut/intestines of cattle

Question 43

what animal is one of the top producers of methane gas ?

Answer 43

cows corn is fed to cows to make them taste better corn is hard to digest methane-producing archaea live in the digestive tracts of animals

Question 44

can archaea photosynthesize ?

Answer 44

no, but some bacteria can

Question 45

can archaea and bacteria survive in extreme conditions ?

Answer 45

archaea are extremophiles so yes | bacteria cannot

Question 46

what are the 3 types of extremophiles ?

Answer 46

1. thermophile (heat-lover) 2. acidophile (acid-lover) 3. halophile (salt-lover)

Question 47

where are thermophiles found ?

Answer 47

hot springs | deep sea vents

Question 48

where are acidophiles found ?

Answer 48

volcanic crater lakes | mine drainage lakes

Question 49

where are halophiles found ?

Answer 49

salt lakes and inland seas

Question 50

when was archaea discovered ?

Answer 50

in the 70s

Question 51

archaea are riddled with _____

Answer 51

viruses

Question 52

what does LUCA stand for ?

Answer 52

last universal common ancestor | they are bacteria, archaea and eucaryota

Question 53

all domains share:

Answer 53

ribosomes DNA/RNA membrane cytoplasm

Question 54

what is bacteria made of ?

Answer 54

has a cell wall | made of peptidoglycan (which antibiotics go after)

Question 55

what are endospores ?

Answer 55

a dormant bacterial cell able to survive for long periods during extreme conditions - hard walled structures - resistant to high temperatures, drying out, freezing, radiation and toxic chemicals - endospores have not been found in archaea - bacteria form endospores in life threatening conditions

Question 56

3 main bacteria shapes

Answer 56

1. cocci- spherical 2. bacilli- rod shaped 3. spirilli- spiral shaped

Question 57

what are the two methods of reproducing in bacteria ?

Answer 57

1. binary fission (asexual) | 2. conjugation (sexual)

Question 58

what is binary fission ?

Answer 58

the most common form of reproduction DNA molecule attaches itself to a cell membrane the DNA replicates the cell membrane grows the cell membrane indents then the cell divides to form two new cells

Question 59

what is conjugation ?

Answer 59

a donor cell and a recipient cell | DNA of donor chromosome transfers to recipient cell (passing on resistance)

Question 60

what is a miracle that bacteria can perform ?

Answer 60

bacteria can mutate and start eating weird food ex. nylon eating bacteria bacteria can adapt can mutate to eat chemicals that were meant to kill them bacteria is bred to clean oil spills

Question 61

why must ships be super clean before launching into space ?

Answer 61

viruses can mutate from the radiation in space an errant microbe could contaminate the planet deadly viruses can be brought back to earth the toughest passengers are bacillus which have a protective coat

Question 62

what is Bacillus odyssei ?

Answer 62

a bacterium that evolved to live in the spare environment of a clean room

Question 63

how was antibiotic resistance created ?

Answer 63

overuse of antibiotics (they're prescribed when we don't need them) new antibiotics haven't been made since the 70s animals are fed antibiotics and sprayed onto crops to speed up the growth process when we eat meat, we consume the antibiotics people don't finish the full dose of antibiotics

Question 64

would pharmaceutical companies profit more from new diabetic/obesity pills or from antibiotics?

Answer 64

from obesity/diet pills because they are consumed daily | antibiotics are consumed for 2 weeks

Question 65

what happened with cholera ?

Answer 65

1866 drinking water epidemic, city of London, Europe still prevalent in some places of the world John Snow, first epidemiologist stopped the epidemic took the handle of the Broad St. pump

Question 66

black death: how many people died what is it called when

Answer 66

bubonic plague Yersinia pestis killed between 1/3-1/2 of people in Europe in 5 years (about 25-40 million) started in the 1330s

Question 67

how many modern strands are there of the black death

Answer 67

17 modern strands, they're 97% different

Question 68

where did the black plague originate from ?

Answer 68

the Gobi desert, China the black sea natural host is rodents (rats) fleas live off the blood of rodents and humans dead rats are a bad sign; fleas will need to find a new host people in Europe at that time were malnourished, had poor sanitation, with rats and human feces, filthy conditions

Question 69

symptoms of the black plague

Answer 69

painful swelling to lymphnodes bubos "boo-boo"= grapefruit sized swelling under arms and groins that split open and black puss oozes out your skin will turn black and rot, revolting smell you would die within a week people would die alone because they were thought to be evil

Question 70

what is the world's first pandemic ?

Answer 70

the black plague

Question 71

flesh eating disease

Answer 71

flesh eating disease streptococcus can happen in a short period of time (24 hours, 2 days) skin rots, black hole on your body immune if you have the antibodies from surviving strep throat

Question 72

____ can be a problem for patients taking antibiotics, which disrupts normal intestinal flora

Answer 72

clostridium difficile | for 5-10% of the population, clostridium difficile is a normal part of their intestinal makeup and causes no harm

Question 73

clostridium difficile cells and spores are ingested. the cells die quickly but

Answer 73

the spores can survive in stomach acid the spores germinate upon exposure to bile acids the bacteria can produce toxins which bind to receptors in the lining of colon

Question 74

symptoms of clostridium difficile

Answer 74

diarrhea and inflammation | some cases, vomiting, dehydration and death

Question 75

the hardest-to-control pathogen of about a dozen deadly healthcare associated infections

Answer 75

c diff.

Question 76

do hand gels work on c. diff ?

Answer 76

no, but hand soaps do

Question 77

what does TB stand for

Answer 77

tuberculosis

Question 78

#1 killer in history is

Answer 78

tuberculosis | killed over 500 million

Question 79

where is TB common in ?

Answer 79

very common in poor countries | often found in homeless people in N. America

Question 80

how does TB attack lungs ?

Answer 80

airborne TB bacteria are inhaled into the lungs macrophages, a kind of defensive cell, attack the particles, killing or surrounding them other immune cells surround particles in hard lumps called tubercles, making bacilli harmless if the body's immune system weakens, bacilli can escape they multiply and penetrate blood vessels, spreading disease throughout the body