Systems Flashcards
What is the oil capacity on the PA44?
6 quarts, minimum 2 quarts, recommended 5 quarts.
grade listed in journey log!
Under what conditions will the landing gear warning sound set off?
- Manifold under 14” with gear up
- 25 or 40 degrees of flaps set
- Squat switch engaged with gear up
Fuel capacity on PA-44:
55 gallons each engine nacelle
110 gallons total
108 usable
How many fuel pumps are on the PA44?
4 total. 2 are engine driven (automatically on when engines on) and two electric driven (can be manually selected on)
What does the PA44s electrical system consist of?
Each engine runs a 60 amp alternator at 14 volts
A single battery which runs at 35 amps at 12 volts
System is protected with a voltage overlay that activates at 17-volts
How can the aircraft be boosted?
Using external power; the port is located under the nose on the right side.
What is the normal range of the vacuum system?
4.8” to 5.2”, each engine has one!!
What pitot-static system does the PA44 utilize?
Pitot-static mast, located under wing.
Maximum ramp weight:
3816lbs
Max takeoff weight:
3800lbs
Max landing weight:
3800lbs
Max weight in baggage area:
200lbs
Maximum crosswind component:
17kts, remember it is for a dry runway! Refer to POH for different values.
Why is Vle retracting 109kts versus 140?
When the gear is retracting, it have to go against a lot of drag against the mechanical hydraulics of the landing gear to raise.
Edit: Going over 109 when retracting gear could cause damage to hydraulic components; could force the landing gear up faster than normal, causing damage.
Maximum baggage weight limit:
200lbs
Horsepower rating:
180
Maximum RPM (rotation sped):
2700RPM
What factors affect the single-engine climb performance?
- Critical engine in minimum drag configuration (secured)
- The remaining engine’s maximum continuous power
- Landing gear retracted or not
- Flap setting
What happens when your engine fails?
Depending on if the critical engine fails, you would experience more adverse affects. These affects are:
- Asymmetric thrust will cause YAW towards the failed engine
- This yaw will create a ROLL & induced flow (lift) over the operating engine wing will cause ROLL towards inop engine
- Torque differential will also cause the roll to the dead engine
Asymmetric thrust
Induced flow (lift)
Torque
What determines the critical engine?
- P-Factor
- Induced flow
- Accelerated slipstream - props blow air along the rudder. When one of the props stops, it makes the rudder less effective
- Torque
What is p-factor?
Essentially means that the down-going prop creates more thrust than the up-going blade.
This causes the asymmetrical thrust
The LONGER the arm from the C of G means more yawing (p-factor)!!!
Asymmetric thrust causes what?
ROLL towards dead engine.
Lift x arm = moment to figure out the effect
What is torque?
When the engine fails, a torque imbalance will be felt which affects mainly the roll to the dead engine.
(TORQUE MOVES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION)
Define service ceiling:
Highest altitude at which the aircraft can maintain a steady rate of climb of 100 fpm with both engines operating at full power.
Define single-engine service ceiling:
Highest altitude at which the aircraft can maintain a steady rate of climb of 50 fpm with one engine operating at full power and one engine’s propeller feathered
Define absolute ceiling:
Altitude where the climb is no longer possible with engine(s) operating at full power.
What are the hours of maitnence for the PA-44?
Every 50, 100 and 200 hours, an inspection must take place.
What documents are required on board?
A- Airworthiness R - Registration O - Operational handbook (POH) W- Weight & balance J - Journey log I - Insurance L - Licenses I - Intercept orders (optional, in AIM or CFS)
Where can you find the intercept orders?
TC AIM or CFS.
Name all v-speeds:
Vso = 55kts Vyse = 88kts Vxse = 82kts Va = @ 3800 - 135kts @2700 - 112kts Vmc = 56kts Vle (extended) = 140kts Vlo (extending) = 140kts Vlo (retracting) - 109kts Vfe = 111kts Vsse = 82kts\
10 total
While one engine is inop, what would flying the plane straight and level and ball centered indicate?
It would indicate a side slip; coordinator becomes useless.
Define Vmc:
The minimum flight speed at which it is possible to retain control of the aeroplane and maintain straight flight, with maximum rudder deflection and not more than 5 degrees of bank, following sudden failure of the CRITICAL ENGINE.
Published and actual Vmc can be different!
What is the recovery from Vmc?
Reduce power on operative engine (balance out power) and pitch the nose down at the same time.
What will a wind-milling prop have on Vmc?
It will increase Vmc. The windmilling prop creates ALOT of drag, which makes the power imbalance much worse, thus making the aircraft more unstable thus increasing Vmc.
What are the 1 year items?
- Compass swing
- Tachometer
- ELT Recertification
What are the 2 year items?
- Transponder
- ELT battery
- Pitot-static system
Why shouldn’t carburetor heat be used on the ground?
Because it opens up a valve that allows unfiltered air hat could enter the system.
Factors affecting Vmca:
- Gear position
- Density altitude
- Weight
- C of G
- Ground effect
- Whether or not the critical engine has failed
- Flaps
- Cowl flaps
How does density altitude impact Vmca?
High density altitude = no engine performance = if engine quits, effects are not as bad
Low density altitude = better engine performance = if engine quits, big effect on aircraft stability
Sea level = bad single engine performance
High level = good single engine performance
How does weight affect Vmca?
Weight does not affect Vmca in straight and level, only when the aircraft is in a bank. Causes a sideslip toward OPERATIVE engine. More weight means a more well-rounded, stable aircraft at Vmca.
Lighter the aircraft, the higher the Vmca.
Heavier the aircraft, the more rigid the aircraft, thus the lower the Vmca.
How does centre of gravity affect Vmca?
A more aft C of G reduces the rudders effectiveness. This will create less stability and raise the Vmca.
How does the landing gear affect Vmca?
It affect the C of G! Putting the gear down could bring the C of G more forward and creating more rudder effectiveness.
Gear up = Vmca goes up
Gear down = Vmca goes down
Can also straighten out wind.
How do flaps affect Vmca?
Flaps will increase drag and lift. Flaps on the operating engine side will offset some power, by deflecting air the same as the inop. side.
Flaps down = Vmca goes down!
Flaps up = Vmca goes up!
How will a windmilling prop affect Vmca?
Windmilling prop reates the most drag, thus a huge power differential. This makes it more unstable, and raises Vmca.
How will ground effect, affect Vmca?
Ground affect is always good, creating a cushion by creating less drag and more lift.
With an engine out, what happens to the turn coordinator?
If you attempt to keep it centered, you will be actually initializing a slip, which is bad.
How would you snag an aircraft?
Leave a space open then on the 2nd line write in the defect and sign the journey log.
Ultimately up to WWFC maintenance for outcome (snag or not)
What can invalidate the C of A?
- Failure to comply with ADs
- Failure to maintain maintenance scheduling
- Any major or minor incident
- Any open snag/defect in the journey log
Is the journey log required to be onboard?
It is required to be on board unless the pilot is planning on departing and landing at the same aerodrome.
Are inspections based on air time or flight time?
Air time (wheels up, wheels down)
What are the out-of-phase items?
1 year:
- ELT
- Tachometer
- Compass swing
2 year:
- ELT Battery
- Transponder
- Pitot-static system
What does the multi engine rating allow you to do?
To fly any land aircraft that does not require a type rating.
What state is the inoperative engine in for Vmca speed?
Windmilling, not secured, allowing for maximum drag and inadequate stability.
