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Anatomy Y1 > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Which body systems are involved in maintenance?

A

Cardiovascular, respiratory, alimentary, renal and reproductive systems

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3
Q

Which body systems are involved in control?

A

Endocrine and nervous systems

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4
Q

Which body system is involved in support and movement?

A

Musculoskeletal

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5
Q

Which body systems are involved in defence?

A

Integumentary and lymphatic

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6
Q

What is contained in the dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranium (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord)

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7
Q

What are the 2 cavities in the ventral body cavity?

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural (lungs) and pericardial (heart)

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9
Q

What is contained in the abdominal cavity?

A

Retroperitoneal (kidneys) and peritoneal (digestive and reproductive organs)

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10
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

They line potential cavities. They have an inner epithelial and outer connective tissue layer.

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11
Q

Where are serous membranes located?

A

Abdomen + pelvis = peritoneum
Thorax = 2 pleural cavities, heart and lungs in the mediastinum

Pleura have an inner/visceral and outer/parietal layer and have secreting membranes facing.

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12
Q

What are the components of the respiratory tract?

A

Nostrils > nasal cavity + conchae > ethoconchae > naso + oropharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchial tree

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13
Q

What are the conchae and their function?

A

Fine scrolls of bone in the nasal cavities lined with ciliated mucous epithelium. They allow areas for heat exchange and mucus secretion.

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14
Q

What are the ethoconchae and sinuses?

A

Olfaction done by ethoconchae, which have many smell-sensitive sensory nerves.
Sinuses are air-filled cavities within pneumatic bones of the skull.

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15
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Is dorsal to the oropharynx. A soft palate can move up to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food entering the nasal cavity. Conducts air from nasal cavities to larynx to the trachea.

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16
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A

Is ventral to the nasopharynx. Conducts air from mouth and onto the trachea.
Some animals can breathe through the mouth in exercise, but horses cannot - they are obligate nasal breathers.

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17
Q

What is the function of the larynx and epiglottis?

A

Larynx is made up of a series of cartilage pieces and regulates air entry to the trachea.

Epiglottis is most rostral part of the larynx and has elastic cartilage in order to move close to the larynx to prevent food and saliva entering the respiratory tract.

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18
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

Series of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with fibrous tissue and trachealis muscle. Lined with ciliated mucous epithelium.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchial tree.

A

Left and right primary bronchi > lobar bronchi, one for each lobe of the lungs > segmental bronchi > bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveoli

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20
Q

What is the function of pleural membranes in inspiration and expiration?

A

Provides lubrication for pleura to glide over each other to reduce friction on inspiration and expiration. Fluid creates a vacuum to hold the 2 pleura together.

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21
Q

Name 4 functions of the cardiovascular system.

A
  • Transports cells and solutes around the body, including nutrients, gases, waste products, hormones and immune system molecules
  • Transmit force to push blood through vessels
  • Regulates blood pressure and supply
  • Transports heat as it can divert blood away and to the surface
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22
Q

What is the tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia?

A

Intima - closest to the lumen, is an endothelial lining that is smooth for frictionless blood flow.

Media - smooth muscle layer that contains elastic fibres innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Adventitia - fibrous connective tissue layer with some elastic fibres.

23
Q

Describe the structure of arteries and arterioles.

A

In both vessels, Tunica media is the thickest layer to contract and alter lumen diameter to control blood flow to capillaries.

24
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries.

A

1 cell thick and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells. They are fenestrated - have holes to allow exchange of fluids.

25
Q

Describe the structure of venules and veins.

A

Both vessels have thinner tunica medias and tunica adventitia is the thickest layer. Veins have valves with 2 endothelium cusps to prevent the backflow of blood.

26
Q

Describe the structure of the pericardium that covers the heart.

A

Inner serous layer is visceral pericardium/epicardium and outer serous layer is the parietal pericardium. Between them is the fluid-filled pericardial cavity, which allows frictionless movement of the heart.

Thick external fibrous pericardius, which continues to a ligament at the ventral apex, which attaches to the sternum - the sternopericardiac ligament. In cats and dogs, the heart is at a more oblique angle and the ligament is phrenico-pericardiac, attaching to the diaphragm.

27
Q

Name the 6 components of the lymphatic system.

A

Lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, lymphoid organs and lymphocytes

28
Q

Which structures are primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary - bone marrow, thymus

Secondary - spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes

29
Q

Describe lymphatic vessels, giving 2 examples.

A

Have many valves to prevent backflow, as there is no lymphatic pump.

Thoracic duct, a continuation of the cisterna chyli, and right lymphatic duct drain into the vena cava.

30
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

All lymph goes through at least one node on the way back to the heart. Nodules collect and destroy foreign particles. Enlarged nodes can indicate disease.

31
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes?

A

Has a capsule with extensions called trabeculae. Has a sinus that fluid can percolate via afferent vessels. Contain lymphatic nodules with lymphocyte-filled germinal centre. Lymphocytes enter blood on infection. Sinus and medulla have cells capable of phagocytosis.

32
Q

What are the roles of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary - manufacture and mature lymphocytes

Secondary - seeded with lymphocytes to form germinal centre, which is activated by an immune response.

33
Q

Name the extra-abdominal features of the alimentary tract.

A

Oral cavity - lips, tongue and teeth
Pharynx
Oesophagus

34
Q

Name the abdominal features of the alimentary tract.

A

Stomach
Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large intestine - caecum, colon, rectum, anus

35
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity in the alimentary tract?

A

Lips, tongue, gums and cheeks involved in prehension (picking up food) and mastication (forming a bolus of food to be swallowed).

Salivary glands lubricate and do initial digestion via salivary enzymes.

Pharynx - deglutition/swallowing.

Nasopharynx and epiglottis - close to prevent food entering nasal cavity or trachea.

36
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus in the alimentary tract?

A

Does peristalsis to convey food from the pharynx to the stomach.

37
Q

What is the function of the stomach in alimentary tract?

A

Mix food with chyme/gastric juices to begin digestion

38
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in the alimentary tract?

A

Major site of enzymatic digestion and absorption

39
Q

What is the function of the large intestine in the alimentary tract?

A

Absorbs water.

Has a non-functional caecum in carnivores. Has ascending and descending colons.

40
Q

What is the peritoneum and its structure?

A

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines cavity walls and visceral peritoneum lies visceral and continuous with the parietal peritoneum. Fluid allows frictionless environment for organs to slide over one another. Peritoneal folds form mesenteries and abdominal ligaments.

41
Q

Name the accessory glands of the alimentary system.

A

Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

42
Q

What is the function of the liver in the alimentary system?

A
  • Storage and metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
  • Produces bile to emulsify fats
  • Stores iron and vitamins
  • Detoxification
43
Q

What is the location and function of the gall bladder?

A

Embedded in the liver. Not found in horses and rats.

Contains cholesterol, bile acids and bile salts.

44
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the alimentary system?

A

Exocrine role - pancreatic juice production

Endocrine role - insulin and glucagon production

45
Q

Name and describe the basic functions of the components of the urogenital system.

A

Kidney - pressure filter that produces urine by removing waste products and excess water from the blood.

Ureters - tubes that transport urine from kidneys to the bladder.

Bladder - stores urine.

Urethra - tube that transports urine out of the body.

46
Q

Name and describe the functions of the components of the male reproductive system.

A

Testes - external glands in the scrotum, as spermatogenesis has an optimal temperature below body temperature.

Seminiferous tubules - contain spermatogonia sperm cells and sertoli cells, essential for spermatogenesis.

Leydig cells - secrete testosterone.

Epididymis - sperm stored for maturation period.

Urethra

47
Q

Name the accessory glands of the male reproductive system and their collective function.

A

Ampulla, paired vesicular glands, prostate gland and paired bulbourethral glands.

Produce glandular secretions to add to semen fluid.

48
Q

Name and describe the functions of the components of the female reproductive system.

A

Ovary - release ova (matured eggs) and mature oocytes (non-mature eggs).

Uterine tube - collects the ova released.

Uterus - fetal development.

Cervix - connects uterus and vagina.

49
Q

Name and describe the functions of the components of the endocrine system.

A

Endocrine glands - contain glandular cells that synthesise and release several different hormones.

Hormones - chemical messengers secreted into the blood in response to a stimulus and bind to receptors on target cells.

50
Q

Describe the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

A

Derived from the roof of the mouth, has glandular cells and hypophyseal portal system supplying it.

It is indirectly innervated by specialised neurones that can release hormones: released to hypophyseal artery > primary capillary bed > secondary capillary bed > into the systemic circulation.

51
Q

Describe the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

A

Derived from the floor of the brain, is neural and has no portal system: blood does not pass through hypothalamus first, just passes through its single capillary bed and into the systemic circulation.

Hormones from specialised hormones releasing neurones are released into capillary bed directly and into the systemic circulation.

52
Q

What do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have in common?

A
  • Both linked to maintaining gas exchange, vital for homeostasis
  • Both essential for varying activity to body size or exercise
  • Both influenced by physics of flow through tubes and gravity
  • Both controlled by autonomic nervous system
53
Q

What affects flow through tubes?

A

Pressure and resistance.

Increasing pressure increases flow.
Increasing resistance decreases flow.

Resistance is inversely proportional so expected that trachea would have lowest resistance but bronchioles do, as there is only 1 of the trachea but many bronchioles in parallel.

54
Q

How does gravity affect cardiorespiration?

A

Larger animals have issues with pressure created by weight of blood in blood vessels due to gravity.

Taller animals have larger blood columns and so greater pressure differences between the top and bottom of the column

Gravity complicates venous return and blood must overcome gravitational effects.

Anatomy Y1 (14 decks)

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