Locomotion and Integument

Question 1

Name the components of the skeletal system.

Answer 1

Bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Question 2

Name 5 functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 2

• Protection of vital structures
• Support for the body
• Mechanical basis for movement
• Stores for minerals (which can be released when needed)
• Blood cells from bones (young animals have haemopoietic red bone marrow that can produce different RBCs)

Question 3

Describe the 2 types of of bone tissue in bones.

Answer 3

Cancellous - meshwork surrounds medullary cavity, made of trabeculae with interconnected spaces between them filled with bone marrow.

Cortical - outer cortex consists of cylinders of bone called osteons/Haversian systems with concentric lamellae around blood vessels.

Question 4

Describe the 2 types of ossification.

Answer 4

Intramembranous - replacement of membrane by bone (in the skull)

Endochondral - replacement of cartilage by bone (most of the skeleton)

Question 5

What is a growth plate?

Answer 5

Cartilage line between the bone diaphysis and cartilage surrounding the epiphysis. Bone grows from the cartilage of the growth plate.

Growth plates and cartilage are darker on radiographs and bone is denser and lighter on radiographs. If a growth plate is present on a radiograph, the animal is young so do not mistake for a fracture.

Question 6

What are splanchnic bones?

Answer 6

Found in soft tissues to help give them structure.

Question 7

Give the 6 terminologies for projections outside joints.

Answer 7

process = prominence 
tuberosity = large rounded projection
tubercule = smaller than tuberosity
spine = pointed projection 
crest = sharp ridge 
line = small ridge

Question 8

Give the 3 terminologies for depressions outside joints.

Answer 8

fossa = large depression 
foramen = hole 
canal = tunnel

Question 9

Give the 3 terminologies for cartilage covered projections within joints.

Answer 9

head/caput = usually spherical 
condyle = somewhat cylindrical 
trochlea = resembles a pulley

Question 10

Give the 3 terminologies for cartilage covered depressions within joints.

Answer 10

acetabulum = deep depression
glenoid cavity = shallow depression
fovea = small depression

Question 11

Give the structure, function and location of hyaline cartilage.

Answer 11

Randomly arranged collagen fibres. Proteoglycans act as sponges to absorb water to allow cartilage to recoil after compression. Located at most articular surfaces and provide mechanical support in airways.

Question 12

Give the structure, function and location of fibrocartilage.

Answer 12

Parallel collagen fibres that give strength. In intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

Question 13

Give the structure and location of elastic cartilage.

Answer 13

Elastic fibres. External ear and epiglottis

Question 14

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 14

Bones are united by fibrous collagenous tissue

Question 15

Name the 3 types of fibrous joint and give examples.

Answer 15

Sutures - joints between skull bones

Syndesmoses - facing areas of 2 bones joined by connective tissue, such as between the ulna and radius

Gomphosis - tooth to gum attachment

Question 16

What are primary cartilagenous joints? Give examples.

Answer 16

United by hyaline cartilage to join bones either side of a growth plate. Such as the cartilage part of the rib to the bone part pf the rib.

Question 17

What are secondary cartilagenous joints? Give examples.

Answer 17

Articulated bones divided by fibrous and hyaline cartilage. Such as in intervertebral discs.

Question 18

What are synovial joints?

Answer 18

Fluid filled cavity between articulating bones provides lubrication and nutrients for hyaline cartilage.

Movement here can be in 1 or more planes: uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial.

Question 19

What are bursae and their function?

Answer 19

Sac-like structures containing synovial fluid. Reduce friction between tendons and bones. Inflammation can lead to bursitis in large animals from lying on hard ground with insufficient bedding. Located in synovial sheath.

Question 20

Name and describe the 2 layers of mammalian skin.

Answer 20

Outer epidermis - an epithelial layer containing sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. No blood vessels so relies on dermal layer for nutrition.

Dermis - inner fibrous layer containing blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscle cells intermingled with contracted hair follicles.

Question 21

What does the dermis rest on?

Answer 21

A loose connective tissue layer that is closely applied to underlying hypodermis/subcutaneous layer/superficial facia.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Answer 22

Under voluntary control, made up of specialised multi-nucleated fibres that lie parallel and are held by connective tissue to give striated muscle.

Question 23

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Answer 23

Under involuntary control, striated, made up of uni-nucleated branched fibres. These have intercalated discs/gap junctions to allow action potentials from cell to cell.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Answer 24

Under involuntary control, made of spindle shaped, uni-nucleated, short, non-striated fibres. Usually found in flat sheets and contraction occurs in waves to squeeze tube-like structures.