Locomotion and Integument Flashcards
Name the components of the skeletal system.
Bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
Name 5 functions of the skeletal system.
- Protection of vital structures
- Support for the body
- Mechanical basis for movement
- Stores for minerals (which can be released when needed)
- Blood cells from bones (young animals have haemopoietic red bone marrow that can produce different RBCs)
Describe the 2 types of of bone tissue in bones.
Cancellous - meshwork surrounds medullary cavity, made of trabeculae with interconnected spaces between them filled with bone marrow.
Cortical - outer cortex consists of cylinders of bone called osteons/Haversian systems with concentric lamellae around blood vessels.
Describe the 2 types of ossification.
Intramembranous - replacement of membrane by bone (in the skull)
Endochondral - replacement of cartilage by bone (most of the skeleton)
What is a growth plate?
Cartilage line between the bone diaphysis and cartilage surrounding the epiphysis. Bone grows from the cartilage of the growth plate.
Growth plates and cartilage are darker on radiographs and bone is denser and lighter on radiographs. If a growth plate is present on a radiograph, the animal is young so do not mistake for a fracture.
What are splanchnic bones?
Found in soft tissues to help give them structure.
Give the 6 terminologies for projections outside joints.
process = prominence tuberosity = large rounded projection tubercule = smaller than tuberosity spine = pointed projection crest = sharp ridge line = small ridge
Give the 3 terminologies for depressions outside joints.
fossa = large depression foramen = hole canal = tunnel
Give the 3 terminologies for cartilage covered projections within joints.
head/caput = usually spherical condyle = somewhat cylindrical trochlea = resembles a pulley
Give the 3 terminologies for cartilage covered depressions within joints.
acetabulum = deep depression
glenoid cavity = shallow depression
fovea = small depression
Give the structure, function and location of hyaline cartilage.
Randomly arranged collagen fibres. Proteoglycans act as sponges to absorb water to allow cartilage to recoil after compression. Located at most articular surfaces and provide mechanical support in airways.
Give the structure, function and location of fibrocartilage.
Parallel collagen fibres that give strength. In intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
Give the structure and location of elastic cartilage.
Elastic fibres. External ear and epiglottis
What are fibrous joints?
Bones are united by fibrous collagenous tissue
Name the 3 types of fibrous joint and give examples.
Sutures - joints between skull bones
Syndesmoses - facing areas of 2 bones joined by connective tissue, such as between the ulna and radius
Gomphosis - tooth to gum attachment
What are primary cartilagenous joints? Give examples.
United by hyaline cartilage to join bones either side of a growth plate. Such as the cartilage part of the rib to the bone part pf the rib.
What are secondary cartilagenous joints? Give examples.
Articulated bones divided by fibrous and hyaline cartilage. Such as in intervertebral discs.
What are synovial joints?
Fluid filled cavity between articulating bones provides lubrication and nutrients for hyaline cartilage.
Movement here can be in 1 or more planes: uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial.
What are bursae and their function?
Sac-like structures containing synovial fluid. Reduce friction between tendons and bones. Inflammation can lead to bursitis in large animals from lying on hard ground with insufficient bedding. Located in synovial sheath.
Name and describe the 2 layers of mammalian skin.
Outer epidermis - an epithelial layer containing sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. No blood vessels so relies on dermal layer for nutrition.
Dermis - inner fibrous layer containing blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscle cells intermingled with contracted hair follicles.
What does the dermis rest on?
A loose connective tissue layer that is closely applied to underlying hypodermis/subcutaneous layer/superficial facia.
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Under voluntary control, made up of specialised multi-nucleated fibres that lie parallel and are held by connective tissue to give striated muscle.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Under involuntary control, striated, made up of uni-nucleated branched fibres. These have intercalated discs/gap junctions to allow action potentials from cell to cell.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Under involuntary control, made of spindle shaped, uni-nucleated, short, non-striated fibres. Usually found in flat sheets and contraction occurs in waves to squeeze tube-like structures.
