Systemic risk factors 1

Question 1

what are primary risk factors for periodontitis?

Answer 1

plaque, smoking, uncontrolled diabetes

Question 2

how does obesity/overnutrition increase risk periodontitis? 3

Answer 2

• adipose tissue produces inflammatory mediators (hormones)
• less diverse microbiome gut & oral so increase risk of dysbiosis
• processed foods have AGE products which can accumulate and cause inflammation

Question 3

how is the risk of dysbiosis reduced in obese patients? 3

Answer 3

Weight loss

Reduce refined carbohydrates and AGE products

Prebiotic diet - feeds the good bacteria

Question 4

what should the HbA1c (circulating glucose levels) for controlled blood glucose?

Answer 4

6.5% or 48mmol/mol

Question 5

what are the consequences of diabetes? 4

Answer 5

Increased formation of advanced glycations end AGE products

Altered immune cell function

Altered fibroblast function

Poor wound healing

Question 6

what results from Increased formation of advanced glycations end AGE products in diabetes?

Answer 6

less and weakened collagen

Question 7

what results from altered immune cell function in diabetes?

Answer 7

Reduced neutrophil function -> persistent bacterial infection and tissue damage

Hyper-responsive monocytes/macrophages
Increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines and prostaglandins

Question 8

what results from altered fibroblast fuction?

Answer 8

Produce less matrix & collagen, & increased collagenase production

Reduced tissue formation and healing potential

Question 9

alcohol use may lead to liver disease. why is this significant to a dentist?

Answer 9

Bleeding problems and difficulty prescribing
May want to lease with GMP to get liver tests carried out

Question 10

what are 3 adverse effects of alcohol?

Answer 10

Altered clotting formation -> defective prothrombin

Increase in bone resorption and decreased bone formation

Reduced healing -> deficiency of vitamin B-complex and protein

Question 11

what are the functions of vitamin C?

Answer 11

collagen
immune function
iron absorption

Question 12

what are the functions of vitamin D?

Answer 12

skeletal development
modulation of immune system
inflammatory mediator -> defficiency linked to chronic inflammation and chronic periodontitis

Question 13

name some foods to reduce inflammation?

Answer 13

Omega 3, Cruciferous vegetables, pre (soil) and pro (seeds) biotics and micronutrients