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AU '18 - Peds III exam III > Systemic Fluorides > Flashcards

Systemic Fluorides Flashcards

1
Q

routes of fluoride administration

A
  1. systemic

2. topical

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2
Q

systemic fluoride is for pre- or post-eruptive maturation?

A

pre-eruptive maturation

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3
Q

topical fluoride is for pre- or post-eruptive maturation?

A

post-eruptive maturation

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4
Q

is there benefit to fluoridation before tooth eruption?

A

no

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5
Q

T/F: little fluoride is incorporated during development

A

true

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6
Q

where is fluoride deposited during development instead of being incorporated into the tooth?

A

deposited on surfaces

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7
Q

why is ingested fluoride effective during oral transit?

A

because the ingested fluoride is secreted in saliva thus provides topical benefit

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8
Q

fluoride is especially beneficial for what type of teeth?

A

young teeth

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9
Q

why is fluoride especially beneficial for young teeth?

A

because the fluoride replaces hydroxyl to strengthen crystal structure and is incorporated into enamel

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10
Q

fluoride is incorporated into enamel as what?

A

fluorapatite

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11
Q

fluorapatite is more resistant to what?

A

demineralization

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12
Q

when does fluoride get incorporated into enamel as fluorapatite?

A

occurs with low concentration fluoride ion

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13
Q

what causes precipitation on surface, crevices and micropores of lesions

A

CaF2 from HIGH concentration topical products

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14
Q

T/F: CaF2 is incorporated into enamel

A

false, is NOT

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15
Q

CaF2 from HIGH concentration topical products serves as what?

A

reservoir of F- ion

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16
Q

what does the CaF2 reservoir promote during an acid attack?

A

remineralization

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17
Q

summary of mechanisms of CaF2 reservoirs

A
  1. remineralizes demineralized enamel
  2. lowers enamel solubility
  3. inhibits bacterial acid production
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18
Q

what causes fluorosis?

A

excess ingestion of fluoride during development

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19
Q

fluorosis may lead to what?

A
  1. white mottling
  2. pits and hypoplasia
  3. brown staining
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20
Q

T/F: topical applications of fluoride products can cause fluorosis

A

false

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21
Q

how much fluorinated water would someone have to drink to have flurosis?

A

water > 2 ppm

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22
Q

T/F: there is no homeostatic mechanism to control fluoride concentration

A

true

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23
Q

what happens when there is excess ingestion of fluoride during enamel secretory stage (protein scaffold)?

A

produces pitting and hypoplasia

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24
Q

what happens when there is excess ingestion of fluoride during maturation stage (mineralization)?

A

causes chalky whiteness and weak enamel

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25
T/F: mild fluorosis does not bother most people and is usually considered attractive
true
26
when does fluorosis occur?
during tooth development
27
what is the most critical age for fluorosis?
22-26 months
28
T/F: although fluoride is a naturally occurring trace element, it can be toxic in excessive quantities
true
29
there is no evidence for concern at what level of fluoride in water?
1 ppm
30
EPA's Reference Dose
RfD = 0.06 mg/kg-da
31
acute high-dose toxicity
PTD = 5 mg/kg
32
symptoms of fluoride overdose
1. nausea 2. vomiting 3. abdominal pain 4. diarrhea 5. hyper-salivation/drooling 6. numbness, tingling 7. muscle cramps 8. seizures 9. death with large overdoses
33
initial local effect on GI tract due to acute fluoride toxicity
HF formed in stomach --> GI irritation results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
34
systemic effect due to acute fluoride toxicity
1. binds to calcium ions (hypocalcemia) 2. direct cytotoxic effects 3. interference w/ multiple enzyme systems
35
systemic effect due to acute fluoride toxicity will result in what?
1. respiratory paralysis 2. dysrhythmia 3. cardiac failure
36
tx for fluoride toxicity
1. give Ca2+ or Mg2+ to bind fluoride ...antacids and milk 2. hospitalization if over PTD
37
sources of systemic fluoride
1. water fluoridation 2. dietary supplements 3. ingestion of topical products
38
water fluoridation reduced what percent of PRIMARY caries?
30-60%
39
water fluoridation reduced what percent of MIXED caries?
20-40%
40
water fluoridation reduced what percent of PERMANENT caries?
15-35%
41
annual cost of water fluoridation is how much per person?
50 cents
42
what is the lifetime cost per person less than with water fluoridation?
less than cost of a single filling ($140)
43
T/F: water fluoridation benefits the entire community and has no personal effort
true
44
what's the historic fluoride levels?
0.7-1.2 mg/liter
45
when was the historic water fluoride levels set?
1962
46
the historic water fluoride levels were set based on what?
climate
47
what is the new fluoride water level recommendation changed to?
0.7 mg/liter
48
why was there a new fluoride water level?
1. increases sources of fluoride | 2. increases mild fluorosis consumption no longer dependent on climate
49
why is the new fluoride water level no longer dependent on climate?
1. air conditioning | 2. less outdoor activity
50
what percent of Ohioans drink fluoridated water?
82%
51
who doesn't have fluoridated water?
1. private wells 2. bottled water 3. breast-fed infants 4. formula-fed infants 5. some communities
52
when was water fluoridation in ohio?
since 1969
53
what size communities in ohio get water fluoridation?
communities >5000
54
how many counties in ohio does not have water fluoridation?
23
55
how is the the water fluoride analyzed?
1. published | 2. mail-in testing service
56
fluoride halo effect
diffusion of fluoride in food
57
ADA guidelines recommend dietary supplementation recommended for what type of pts?
high risk pts when water levels less than optimum
58
dietary supplements of fluoride
1. tablets 2. drops 3. swish & swallow rinse
59
2.2 mg sodium fluoride contains how much fluoride ion?
1 mg
60
T/F: fluoride benefits are topical and is not completely safe for ingestion
true
61
there is a greater risk of fluorosis from what than dentifrice use (pea-sized amount) in young children?
supplements
62
fluorides are primarily effective against what?
smooth surface decay
63
fluoride has a smaller effect on what?
fissure decay
64
what percent of monofluorophosphate (MFP) is fluoride?
13%
65
what percent of stannous fluoride (SnF2) is fluoride?
24%
66
what percent of sodium fluoride (NaF) is fluoride?
45%
67
what percent of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) is fluoride?
100%
68
T/F: NaF tastes sweet
false, tasteless
69
what does acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) taste like?
has sour taste
70
where can acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) be found?
1. foams 2. gels 3. rinses
71
what does stannous fluoride (SnF2) taste like?
bitter, astringent taste
72
what does stannous fluoride (SnF2) cause?
staining
73
T/F: stannous fluoride (SnF2) is unstable in water
true
74
where can stannous fluoride (SnF2) be found?
1. rinses 2. gels 3. toothpaste

AU '18 - Peds III exam III (12 decks)

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