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Ophthalmology > Systemic disease and the eye > Flashcards

Systemic disease and the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common of all systemic diseases in eye clinics?

A

diabetes mellitus

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2
Q

What forms of sight impairment registration is diabetes a major cause of?

A

Both blind (severely sight impaired) and partial sighted (sight-impaired) registration in people under 65

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3
Q

What is a key endocrine disease associated with eye disease?

A

Graves’ disease - form of hypERthyroidism

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4
Q

What is ophthalmic Graves’ disease?

A

Clinical changes of Graves’ disease in the eye/orbit but clinically and biochemically euthyroid

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5
Q

What (briefly) is the physiology underlying Graves’ disease of the eye?

A

Immunologically mediated disease in which circulating auto-antibodies attack structures of the orbit and extra-ocular muscles

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6
Q

What is the key effect of Graves’ disease on the eye?

A

Inflammation of orbital and periorbital tissues

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7
Q

What are 5 EYE symptoms that a patient with Graves’ disease may present with?

A
  1. Exophthalmos (aka proptosis)
  2. Grossly swollen extra-ocular muscles –> restricted eye movements
  3. Lid retraction
  4. Lid lag
  5. Blindness
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8
Q

What causes exophthalmos/proptosis in Graves’ disease?

A

inflamed tissue in orbit (extra-ocular fat or peri-orbital muscles) forces the globe forwards; the orbit is an enclosed space, so the only direction for expansion is forwards.

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9
Q

Which extra-ocular muscles are particular affected by gross swelling in Graves’ disease?

A

medial and inferior recti

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10
Q

What is a consequence of the grossly swollen extra-ocular muscles?

A

Restricted eye movements

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11
Q

What is lid retraction?

A

Abnormally raised position of upper lid

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12
Q

What is lid lag?

A

Delayed following of upper lid as patient looks down

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13
Q

What are 2 things that can cause blindness in

A
  1. Optic nerve damage

2. Corneal perforation

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14
Q

What can cause optic nerve damage leading to blindness in Graves’ disease?

A

inflamed tissue in the orbit which compresses the nerve (irreparable)

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15
Q

What can cause corneal perforation leading to blindness in Graves’ disease?

A

eyelids and tear film provide barrier to surface of globe; when pushed forwards, lids can’t completely close –> drying, increased risk of infection, thinning and eventual perforation of the cornea

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16
Q

Where do the upper eyelids normally come down to (that is disrupted in graves’ disease: retraction)?

A

Normally rests just over the upper part of the cornea, covers the superior limbus (junction between cornea and sclera) - in Graves’ disease, can see continuous rim of sclera round cornea (see image)

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17
Q

What causes restricted eye movements in Graves’ disease?

A

Inflammation of infra-orbital and peri-ocular tissues, restricting movement of the globe

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18
Q

Look at an MRI of the orbit in Graves’ disease - how can the extra-ocular muscles be identified? What will be abnormal?

A

4 petal like structures = extra-ocular muscles just posterior to the globe. Grossly enlarged due to circulating auto-antibodies

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19
Q

Why can anything in neurology cause ophthalmic disease?

A

ophthalmology comprises the eye and visual system, and one third of the brain is devoted to the visual system –> any lesion that interferes with the visual pathways may present to an ophthalmologist

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20
Q

What are 8 neurological conditions with big implications for the eyes?

A
  1. CNIII palsy
  2. CNIV palsy
  3. CNVI palsy
  4. Horner’s syndrome
  5. Multiple sclerosis –> optic neuritis
  6. Myasthenia gravis
  7. Myotonic dystrophy
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21
Q

What are the three key symptoms of Horner’s syndrome, plus three additional symptoms?

A
  1. meiosis (small pupil), non-reactive pupil, anisocoria (different sized pupils)
  2. ptosis
  3. anhydrosis
  4. eye sunken back into socket
  5. facial flushing
  6. inability to completely close or open eye
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22
Q

What causes Horner’s syndrome?

A

Disruption in the pathway in the sympathetic nervous system i.e. compression of sympathetic chain (from hypothalamus to face and neck)

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23
Q

What are 3 points at which the cause of Horner’s syndrome can occur? Give examples for each.

A
  1. First order neuron: arises at hypothalamus –> through brainstem to upper spinal cord. [stroke, tumour, syringomyelia]
  2. Second order neuron: upper spinal cord, across upper thorax and into neck [Pancoast’s tumour in lung apex, schannoma, aortic disease]
  3. Third order neuron: neck to facial skin, muscles of eyelids and iris [base of skull tumour/ infection, cluster headaches/migraines, carotid artery dissection]
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24
Q

What 2 ocular symptoms will there be in myasthenia gravis?

A

Ptosis, ocular motility problems

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25
Q

What 3 ocular symptoms will there be in myotonic dystrophy?

A

Ocular motility problems and ptosis, double vision due to problems with eye movements and use of extraocular muscles

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26
Q

What position will the eye be in in a unilateral third nerve palsy?

A

Down and out

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27
Q

What is the main concern of the underlying cause in Horner’s syndrome?

A

carotid artery dissection

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28
Q

What visual problems can be caused by a pituitary adenoma?

A

pituitary located close to optic chiasm –> bitemporal visual field loss (in practice usually slightly different in each eye: incongruous temporal hemianopia)

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29
Q

What ophthalmic disease can hypertension cause in the eye?

A

hypertensive retinopathy

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30
Q

What ophthalmic diseases can arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis lead to?

A

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (cause of artery and vein occlusions)

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31
Q

What can systemic hyperlipidaemia lead to in the eye?

A

greater chance of hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy

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32
Q

What can embolic phenomena systemically lead to in the eye?

A
  • Central retinal artery occlusion
  • Branch retinal artery occlusion
    –> both are essential strokes, treated with referral for stroke review
  • Central retinal vein occlusion
    Branch retinal vein occlusion
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33
Q

What are 9 rheumatological diseases which may cause eye disease?

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis
  2. Seronegative arthritides HLA-B27 positive e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, Reier’s disease
  3. Sjögren’s syndrome
  4. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  5. Behcet’s disease
  6. Sarcoidosis: intraocular inflammation
  7. SLE
  8. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
  9. Giant cell arteritis
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34
Q

What type of eye disease can rheumatoid arthritis cause?

A

scleritis, episcleritis

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35
Q

What type of eye disease can HLA-B27 positive seronegative arthritides cause?

A

anterior uveitis

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36
Q

What type of eye disease can Sjögren’s disease cause?

A

Dry eye

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37
Q

What type of eye disease can juvenile idiopathic arthritis cause?

A

anterior uveitis in children

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38
Q

What type of eye disease can Behcet’s disease cause?

A

Devastating panuveitis

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39
Q

What type of eye disease can sarcoidosis cause?

A

intraocular inflammation

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40
Q

What are dry eyes in rheumatological disease often a sign of and what can they cause?

A

rheumatoid arthritis, can cause secondary Sjögren’s

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41
Q

What rheumatological disease is usually the cause of episcleritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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42
Q

What are the symptoms of episcleritis? see image

A
  1. localised area of superficial redness
  2. not particularly painful, may have some discomfort
  3. SEGMENTALLY red rather than entire sclera (e.g. just nasal or temporal aspect)
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43
Q

How is episcleritis (usually secondary to rheumatoid arthritis) usually treated?

A

Lubricants or short course of anti-inflammatory medication

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44
Q

What are 4 diseases that uveitis can be secondary to?

A
  1. Behcet’s
  2. Sarcoidosis
  3. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  4. Seronegative arthropathy HLA-B27+
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45
Q

What rheumatological disease can retinal vascular occlusion occur secondarily to?

A

SLE

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46
Q

What rheumatological disease can orbital disease/ inflammation occur secondary to?

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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47
Q

What disease can anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy occur secondary to, and what else can this present with?

A

Giant cell arteritis (can also present with CRAO)

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48
Q

What are the 2 key symptoms of scleritis and how is it different from episcleritis?

A
  1. severe pain - patient in agony

2. redness - different quality from episcleritis, much deeper vessels dilated

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49
Q

What type of scleritis causes problems for ophthalmologists and why?

A

Posterior scleritis - little to see at front, patients still complain of discomfort

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50
Q

How might evidence of posterior scleritis be able to be detected?

A

Ophthalmoscopy: choroidal folds

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51
Q

What conditions can corneal melt be associated with?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions

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52
Q

Look at an image showing corneal melt. How can it occur?

A

Dilation of local blood vessels at limbus (junction sclera-cornea), area line of whiteness, round shaped: peripheral infiltrate at the limbus and area of thinning where cornea is disintegrating

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53
Q

What are the dangers of corneal melt?

A

sight and eye threatening: can rapidly progress to corneal perforation/intra-ocular inflammation

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54
Q

What is the management of corneal melt?

A
  • needs urgent referral to ophthalmologist and treatment with systemic high dose immunosuppressant medication
  • corneal graft
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55
Q

When might a corneal graft be needed?

A

In cornea melt, may be left with very thinned or melted area of the cornea, possible to patch graft the area

56
Q

How does a corneal graft work following corneal melt?

A

Small, circular button applied over the area of thinning (see image)

57
Q

What are 3 characteristic features of sarcoidosis to look out for in the case of uveitis (to see if sarcoidosis is underlying cause)?

A
  1. noncaseating epithelioid granulomas in affected tissues
  2. affects YOUNG adults of either sex
  3. most often begins as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, and skin and eye lesions
  4. erythema nodosum
  5. wheezing, cough, SOB if lungs; fever, large lymph nodes, rash, EN –> Löfgren syndrome
58
Q

What are the classical features of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

gradual onset low back pain, radiating from sacroiliac joints to buttocks, progressive loss of spinal movement, enthesitis (e.g. Achilles tendonitis, plantar fasciitis)

59
Q

What type of eye disease is ankylosing spondylitis associated with?

A

Recurrent bilateral sequential anterior uveitis (affects one eye, then the second eye, etc.)

60
Q

How is acute anterior uveitis detected in ankylosing spondylitis?

A

by ophthalmologist with slit lamp by microscopy

61
Q

What 2 additional features may be seen in acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Posterior synechiae

Hypopyon

62
Q

What does an irregular pupil in acute anterior uveitis indicate?

A

posterior synechiae: caused due to inflammatory exudate in anterior chamber, adhesions form between iris and anterior lens capsule –> eye tries to dilate and links have formed between iris and anterior lens; iris may even pull away and leave lump of pigment stuck to lens

63
Q

What is the treatment for posterior synechiae in acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis?

A

topical cycloplegic (paralysis of ciliary muscle, loss of accommodation) such as cyclopentolate, to dilate eye

64
Q

What is Behcet’s disease?

A

idiopathic multisystem disorder

65
Q

What can Behcet’s disease lead to that involves the eyes in 75% of cases?

A

Occlusive vasculitis

66
Q

At what age does Behcet’s disease present?

A

30s and 40s

67
Q

How is a diagnosis of Behcet’s disease made?

A

ORAL ULCERATION with two of the following 4:

  1. recurrent genital ulceration
  2. skin lesions - folliculitis, erythema nodosum
  3. Positive pathergy test (pustule reaction following breaking of skin with needle)
  4. Eye involvement
68
Q

What are 4 forms of eye involvement that may be seen in Behcet’s disease?

A
  1. Acute anterior uveitis
  2. Vitritis
  3. Vasculitis
  4. Retinitis
69
Q

What is the treatment of Behcet’s disease?

A

Systemic immunosuppression

70
Q

What is the danger of Behcet’s disease in terms of eye disease in teh young adult?

A

devastating, potentially blinding eye disease

71
Q

What part of the world is Behcet’s disease most common in?

A

not UK, tends to affect countries in the old silk route - China to Mediterranean

72
Q

What are 2 examples of possible features on examination of eye disease seen in Behcet’s?

A
  1. hypopyon
  2. retinal vasculitis on dilated examination: areas of sheathing of blood vessels (can see in fundal fluorescein angiogram: sheathed vessels, leaking)
73
Q

What causes the risk of blindness in giant cell arteritis?

A

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

74
Q

What is the risk of systemic involvement in giant cell arteritis?

A

could lead to strokes or MIs

75
Q

what often precedes giant cell arteritis?

A

amaurosis: painless temporary loss of vision; may be partial or total blindness

76
Q

What are the key symptoms of GCA?

A

temporal headaches, jaw claudication, weight los, night sweats, transient visual obscuraions

77
Q

What rheumatological disease is GCA associated with?

A

polymyalgia rheumatica

78
Q

What proportion of cases of GCA will affect the other eye if not diagnosed and treated?

A

70%

79
Q

What are 8 skin diseases that can have implications for the eyes?

A
  1. Acne rosacea - abnormal flushing of face
  2. Topical allergy
  3. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme)
  4. Psoriasis
  5. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
  6. Mucous membrane pemphigoid
  7. Sturge-Weber (port wine stain + intracranial arteriovenous malformations)
  8. Lid tumours: BCC, SCC
80
Q

What eye problems can acne rosacea cause?

A

problems to lid margin–> blepharitis, reduced tear film, secondary severe dry eye disease

81
Q

How can topical skin allergy affect the eyes?

A

Can affect conjunctiva

82
Q

What effect can Stevens-Johnson have on the eyes?

A

Ocular surface problems

83
Q

What eye disease is psoriasis associated with?

A

Uveitis

84
Q

How does herpes zoster ophthalmicus affect the eyes?

A

shingles affecting ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve –> also innervates the eye, chance of ophthalmic shingles and inflammation within the eye

85
Q

How can mucous membrane pemphigoid affect the eyes?

A

ocular surface disease

86
Q

How can Sturge-Weber disease affect the eyes? 2 key things.

A
  1. conjunctival, episcleral, choroidal haemangiomas

2. Glaucoma (due to vascular formations in trabecular mesh-work) in 50%

87
Q

What is acne rosacea?

A

ubiquitous seborrheic disorder of the Meibomian glands

88
Q

Where in the eye are Meibomian glands located? What do they do?

A

lid margin at the base of eye lashes, normally secrete oily layer onto tear film to prevent evaporation of aqueous

89
Q

What happens if the Meibomian glands of the eyelids become blocked?

A

causes mild gritty sensation; bacteria which normally live within lid margins can proliferate, get secondary hypersensitivity reaction on the surface of the eye –> blepharitis

90
Q

What is the treatment of blepharitis, which an occur secondary to acne rosacea? 2 key aspects

A
  1. lid hygiene: hot compresses across eye for 5-10 minutes twice a day, wipe around eyelid with cotton wool bud and cool bowl of water to try and remove some of debris from the glands
  2. oral tetracyclines: e.g. doxycycline 50-100mg daily for up to 6 months
91
Q

What is Stevens Johnson syndrome?

A

Acute reaction to drugs and infection; Fas-FasL mediated keratinocyte apoptosis

92
Q

What are 4 features of the prodrome to Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A

Fever, malaise, sore throat, arthralgia

93
Q

What are 2 possible effects of Stevens-Johnson syndrome on the eyes?

A
  1. Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis

2. Cicatrisation (scarring) of the conjunctiva and lids

94
Q

What is cictrisation?

A

abnormal adhesions between the conjunctiva and eyelid leading to a loss of the usual fornices, disturbance of ocular sufrace

95
Q

Whta are 3 things that can be found on the skin in Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A
  1. erythematous maculopapules
  2. vesicobullous lesions
  3. skin denudation
96
Q

What are 3 types of lesions that may be found in the mouth in Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A
  1. bullae
  2. erosions
  3. haemorrhagic crusts
97
Q

What is an important area to check on examination in herpes zoster ophthalmicus and why?

A

Check the nose on the affected side: if vesicles along side of the nose, suggests ciliary branch involvement –> greater risk of ocular involvement

98
Q

What are 3 possible ocular complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

A
  1. Keratitis
  2. Uveitis
  3. Glaucoma
99
Q

What is mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

rare, idiopathic, chronic progressive immune-mediated disease. Leads to inflammation followed by scarring

100
Q

What gender is primarily affected by mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

females

101
Q

What is type 1 mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

recurrent vesicobullous, non-scarring

102
Q

What is type 2 mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

localised erythematous plaques, with recurrent vesicles and bullae, healing to small atrophic scars

103
Q

What can occur in the eye in the acute phase of mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

Inflamed ocular surface

104
Q

What can occur in the eye after resolution of inflammation in mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

peripheral scarring

105
Q

What mouth lesions may be present in mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

submucosal blisters leading to erosions, scars and strictures

106
Q

In what proportion of patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid is there skin involvement?

A

25%

107
Q

In what proportion of patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid is there mouth involvement?

A

80%

108
Q

In what proportion of patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid is there eye involvement?

A

50-70%

109
Q

What are 3 types of eye problems experienced by people with mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A
  1. dry eye
  2. symblepharon
  3. keratopathy
110
Q

What is a symblepharon (which occurs in mucous membrane pemphigoid)?

A

adhesions between lid and globe

111
Q

What may happen to the cornea and conjunctiva in mucous membrane pemphigoid?

A

opaque cornea due to severe infiltrate and inflammation. injected conjunctiva surrounding cornea

112
Q

What is the treatment for mucous membrane pemphigoid? 4 aspects

A
  1. topical and systemic steroids
  2. immunosupressants
  3. contact lenses
  4. lid surgery
113
Q

What are 3 non-ocular features of Sturge Weber syndrome?

A
  1. Port-Wine stain
  2. Seizures
  3. Mental retardation (intracranial AVMs)
114
Q

What can basal cell carcinoma of the lid margin cause?. 3 things. Look at image

A
  1. lid distortion of lid margin
  2. central ulceration
  3. telangectasia
115
Q

What is the prognosis of lid BCCs?

A

do very well if removed early

116
Q

What are 4 types of genitourinary diseases that implicate the eye and their ocular effects?

A
  1. chlamydia - conjunctivitis
  2. gonorrhoea - conjunctivitis
  3. HIV - intraocular inflammation, CMV (cytomegalovirus) retinitis
117
Q

What does conjunctivitis cause in children?

A

ophthalmia neonatorum - conjunctivitis of newborn

118
Q

When should you consider that conjunctivitis might be chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

if conjunctivitis is not improving with treatment/ usual time course

119
Q

What key clinical feature is chlamydial conjunctivitis associated with?

A

Pre-auricular lymphadenopathy

120
Q

What is a treatment for chlamydia?

A

single dose azithromycin 1g (and refer to GUM)

121
Q

When is gonorrhoea (which can cause conjunctivitis) most worrying?

A

when it occurs in the neonatal period

122
Q

What can conjunctivitis due to gonorrhoea lead to?

A

can penetrate through the intact cornea, leading to intraocular problems

123
Q

What happens in HIV leading to eye problems?

A

opportunistic infections as CD4 counts drop, especially CMV (cytomegalovirus)

124
Q

What are 2 examples of non-ocular HIV-defining diseases?

A
  1. oral hairy leukoplakia

2. Kaposi’s sarcoma

125
Q

What are 2 features of CMV retinitis that occurs as an opportunistic infection with HIV?

A

haemorrhage and infiltrate

126
Q

What are 2 GI diseases that can cause eye problems and what eye disease do they lead to?

A

Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis –> both can cause anterior uveitis

127
Q

What is a respiratory example of a disease that can have ocular manifestations?

A

Sarcoidosis (look out for bi-hilar lymphadenopathy) –> uveitis

128
Q

What are 2 renal diseases that can have ocular manifestations?

A
  1. SLE

2. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

129
Q

What are 7 examples of drugs that can lead to ocular disease?

A
  1. corticosteroids
  2. hydroxychloroquine
  3. desferrioxamine
  4. tamoxifen
  5. quinine
  6. amiodarone
  7. vigabatrin
130
Q

What 2 ocular side effects can corticosteroids have?

A
  1. posterior subcapsular cataract

2. secondary glaucoma

131
Q

What ocular side effect can hydroxychloroquine have, and what should be done as a result?

A

maculopathy (need to be screened on an annual basis)

132
Q

What ocular side effect can desferrioxamine have?

A

maculopathy

133
Q

What ocular side effect can tamoxifen have?

A

maculopathy

134
Q

What 2 ocular side effects can quinine have?

A

optic atrophy, arteriolar narrowing

135
Q

What are 2 ocular side effects that amiodarone can have?

A
  1. corneal change - deposition of crystals

2. Vortex keratopathy (characteristic swirls on cornea)

136
Q

What ocular side effect can vigabatrin have?

A

Visual field loss

Ophthalmology (20 decks)

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