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Principles: Microbiology > Systemic Bacteriology pt.2 > Flashcards

Systemic Bacteriology pt.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define:

  • Endogenous microorganisms

- Exogenous microorganisms

A

Endogenous - Internal

Exogenous - External

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2
Q

Define virulence

A

The capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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3
Q

Define a pathogen

A
  • Harmful microbe
  • Produces a pathology
  • Is virulent
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4
Q

Define commensal

A
  • Microbe is part of the normal flora

- Microbe benefits, host is unaffected

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5
Q

Define mutualistic

A
  • Microbe is part of the normal flora

- Microbe and host both benefits

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6
Q

Define an opportunistic pathogen

A

A pathogen that causes an infection when an opportunity (change in the normal) arises

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7
Q

Give an example of a change that can allow for an opportunistic pathogen to cause damage

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics wipe out gut flora
–>
The competition no longer keeps a microbe under check
–>
It proliferates becoming a pathogen

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8
Q

Give examples of infectious agents

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasites, Prions

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9
Q

Describe the basic pathogenesis of an infectious disease

A 
Pathogen transmitted from reservoir to host
-->
Colonises
-->
Evades host defences
-->
Multiplies & Completes its life cycle
--> 
Exits the host
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10
Q

Give an example of pathogenic fungi

When can it easily precipitate

A

Candida spp.

Can precipitate if competitor microorganisms are killed e.g. after antibiotics

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11
Q

Give an example of a protozoan disease

A

Malaria, toxoplasma

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12
Q

Give examples of common gram -ve pathogens

A
  • Neisseria spp. (cocci)

- Escherichia spp. (bacilli)

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13
Q

Give examples of common gram +ve pathogens

A
  • Streptococcus spp. (cocci)
  • Staphylococcus spp. (cocci)
  • Enterococcus spp. (cocci)
  • Clostridium (bacilli)
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14
Q

Give examples of gram -ve cocci

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis

- Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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15
Q

Define coliforms

A
  • Gram -ve bacilli
  • Part of normal bowel flora
  • Grow best aerobically
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16
Q

Under what circumstance are coliform bacteria dangerous?

A

If they infect a normally sterile environment e.g.

  • Peritonitis
  • Biliary tract infection
17
Q

Why is gram -ve sepsis sepsis particularly bad?

A

The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) released from the gram -ve cell wall when the bacteria dies can cause Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

18
Q

Describe the cause of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) by gram -ve bacteria

A

The lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycan stimulate macrophages, B cells, and others
–>
They release inflammatory cytokines

19
Q

What happens to capillaries during sepsis?

A

They become “leaky” and lose fluid into tissues

20
Q

Describe the impact of capillaries “leaking” during sepsis on organs

A

Lower blood volume
–>
Heart rate increased to maintain tissue perfusion
–>
Poor tissue perfusion causes less essential organs to shut down

21
Q

Describe the impact of capillaries “leaking” during sepsis on haemorrhage risk

A 
Blood clotting system activated
-->
Clotting in capillaries
-->
Uses up all of the clotting factors
--> 
Increased risk of haemorrhage
22
Q

State the progression of infection to septic shock

A 
Infection
-->
Sepsis
-->
Severe Sepsis
-->
Septic Shock
23
Q

Define fever?

What is normal core temp?

A

Fever is a core temp >38 degrees celsius

Normal body temp is 37

24
Q

Describe the purpose of a fever

A

Raising the core temp is beneficial for fighting infection

25
Q

Describe the mechanism of fever production

A

Antigens interact with macrophages
–>
Macrophages release cytokines into the blood
–>
Cytokines go to anterior hypothalamus
–>
Prostaglandin E is released which increases the bodies thermal set point

26
Q

For which species of bacteria in haemolysis important in its identification?

A

Streptococcal

Haemolysis is only important for the classification of streptococci

27
Q

Describe group A streptococci (GAS)

A

Gram -ve
Cocci
β Haemolytic
Lancefield Grouping - A

*Called Group A Streptococcus (GAS)

28
Q

Give examples of streptococcal bacteria

A

GAS - Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pneumoniae

29
Q

Describe streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram +ve
Cocci
α-haemolytic
Causes pneumonia

30
Q

Give an example of a non-haemolytic streptococci

A

Enterococci

31
Q

Describe staphylococci

A

Gram +ve
Cocci
Appear in clusters
Can be coagulase -ve or +ve

32
Q

Give 2 examples of staphylococci and state their coagulase status

A

S. aureus: coagulase +ve

S. epidermidis: coagulase -ve

33
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

Describe it

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Gram +ve
Cocci
Appear in clusters
Coagulase +ve

34
Q

Give an example of an anaerobic gram positive bacteria

A

Clostridium spp.

e.g. Clostridium difficile

35
Q

Describe clostridium spp.

A

Gram +ve
Bacilli
Produce spores

36
Q

When do clostridium difficile infections usually occur?

A

In the absence of normal gut flora

e.g. After antibiotics have wiped out normal flora

Principles: Microbiology (6 decks)

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