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Microbiology FOM 1 > Systemic bacteriology > Flashcards

Systemic bacteriology Flashcards

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1
Q

In what 4 ways are bacteria classified?

A
  • Appearance
  • Growth requirements
  • enzyme/ metabolic tests
  • molecular tests
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2
Q

Why is microscopy useful in identifying microorganisms?

A
  • identifies shape, size and grouping or organism
  • identifies structures such as flagella and spores
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3
Q

What are the three common shapes of bacteria?

A
  • cocci (spheres)
  • bacilli (rods)
  • spiral-shaped
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4
Q

What are the two ways which cocci can be arranged?

A

chains - division in one plane
clumps - division in three planes

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5
Q

What types of bacteria are chained/ clumped cocci?

A

Streptococcus= chains
staphylococcus= clumps

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6
Q

Are chains of bacilli more common in gram +ve/-ve bacteria?

A

gram +ve

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7
Q

`What are fusiform bacteria?

A

Long slender rod shaped bacteria

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8
Q

Are curved rod bacteria gram -ve or +ve?

A

gram -ve

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9
Q

What are spores?

A

Spores are inert survival structures which are resistant to physical and chemical challenges.

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9
Q

How are the two classes of bacteria distinguished?

A

Gram staining, gram +ve retain crystal violet when stained

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10
Q

What are the limitations of the gram stain?

A
  • Not all organisms stain well with the gram stain
  • some bacteria are gram-variable and cannot be classified by gram staining.
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11
Q

What are the classifications used for bacterias ability to tolerate oxygen?

A
  • aerobic (grow in oxygen)
  • obligate aerobes (require oxygen)
  • obligate anaerobes (killed by oxygen)
  • facultative anaerobes (tolerate oxygen)
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12
Q

What’s the difference between a selective media and a differential media

A

Selective media has substances present which favour the growth of one organism over another

Differential media incorporate chemicals which produce visible changes In colonies

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13
Q

How can streptococcus spp. be identified?

A
  • undergo Beta haemolysis (complete)

rather than partial (alpha) or no haemolysis (gamma)

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14
Q

What is PCR?

A

Technique used to amplify DNA to indicate presence of an organism.

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15
Q

What is 16sRNA

A

component of RNA which is present in prokaryotes, can be used to identify bacteria presence

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16
Q

What is the microbiome

A

Community associated with humans during health/disease.

Comprised of mammalian cells and microorganisms living in a community,

17
Q

How does the microbiome protect the body?

A
  • excludes pathogens
  • supports host digestion and immune response
18
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a harmful organism that produces a pathology

19
Q

What is virulence?

A

The ability of an organism to infect its host and cause disease

20
Q

What is a commensal organism?

A

An organism that is part of the normal flora.

21
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

An organism that causes infection the a change in natural immunity occurs.

22
Q

Example of diseases caused by protozoa?

A
  • Malaria
  • some GI infections
23
Q

Examples of fungal infections?

A
  • Candida spp.
  • aspergillus spp.
24
Q

What are the two pathogenic species of gram negative cocci?

A

-neisseria meningitis
- neisseria gonorrhoea

25
Q

Commensal coliform of the gut?

A
  • most e.coli strains
    -klebsiella spp
  • enterobacter spp
  • proteus spp
26
Q

significant gut pathogens?

A

-salmonella spp
- shigella spp
- virotoxin producing e.coli

27
Q

What are enterobacteriaceae?

A

Large family of bacteria which are:
- bacilli
- gram negative
- facultative anaerobes

28
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Species of gram negative bacteria that look like E.coli on gram film and when cultured on blood agar.

29
Q
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29
Q
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Q
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30
Q

What is the first line antibiotic used for treatment of coliform infection?

A

Gentamicin

31
Q

What is sepsis and how does it lead to organ failure?

A

-A host response to severe infection mediated by endotoxin

  • small blood vessels become leaky, causing the heart to work harder
  • blood supply to less essential organs shuts down to keep brain alive
  • blood clotting system activated using up all clotting factors which increases risk of haemorrhage.
32
Q

Examples of gram positive pathogens?

A
  • streptococcus
  • enterococcus
  • staphylococcus
  • clostridia
33
Q

What is the most significant pathogenic streptococci?

A

Group A streptococcus

34
Q

Which bacteria is a common cause of pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

35
Q

Examples of non haemolytic streptococci?

A

Enterococci (not particularly pathogenic but cause problems if they get into sterile site.

36
Q

Which bacteria is the commonest cause of skin and wound infection as well as bone and joint infection?

A

staph aureus

37
Q

features of clostridioides species of bacteria?

A
  • Gram positive
  • Part of normal bowel flora of humans
  • produce spores
  • produces exotoxins that cause severe tissue damage.

Microbiology FOM 1 (4 decks)

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