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Microbiology FOM 1 > Antibiotic therapy > Flashcards

Antibiotic therapy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A drug used to treat an infection caused by microorganisms

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2
Q

Bacteriostatic definition

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria

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3
Q

bacteriocidal meaning

A

Kills bacteria

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4
Q

What are the features of an ideal antibiotic?

A
  • selective toxicity
  • kills bacteria
  • Long half life
  • Appropriate tissue distribution
  • No side effects
  • Oral administration
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5
Q

What are the three ways that antibiotics can be administered?

A
  • Orally
  • Intravenously
  • Intramuscularly
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6
Q

How is an antibiotic excreted from the body?

A

Either in urine via the liver
or
biliary tract and into faeces

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7
Q

Which method of administration provides the most absorption?

A

Intravenous, if given orally some will not be absorbed and will be excreted in faeces

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8
Q

What features of pathogens can be targeted by antibiotics?

A
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • DNA replication
  • DNA gyrases
  • Cell membrane function
  • metabolic pathways
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9
Q

Examples of Cell wall targeting antibiotics?

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • glycopeptides
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10
Q

Examples of members of the penicillin family?

A
  • penicillin
  • flucloxacillin
  • amoxicillin
  • temocillin
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11
Q

How do penicillins halt growth of the cell wall of a microorganism?

A

-replicates terminal d-alanine d-alanine
- irreversibly binds to penicillin binding proteins
- prevents the cross linking of peptide side chains to form cell wall

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12
Q

What are the limitations of the penicillins?

A
  • patients can be allergic
  • rapid excretion via kidneys so frequent dosing required
  • resistance
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13
Q

What are the beta lactam class antibiotics?

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
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14
Q

Penicillin V

A
  • Narrow gram +ve spectrum
  • used for streptococci, staphylococci, clostridia, neisseria etc
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15
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • Given IV or orally
  • reasonably wide spectrum (gram +ve and -ve)
  • Not resistant to Beta lactamases
  • Wide tissue distribution
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16
Q

how can antimicrobial resistance be avoided when prescribing amoxicillin?

A
  • Can prescribe co-amoxiclav
  • clavulanic acid is a beta lactamase inhibitor
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17
Q

Co-Amoxiclav

A
  • Given IV or orally
  • Wide spectrum
  • Resistant to Beta lactamses due to clavulanic acid
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18
Q

Flucloxacillin

A
  • Given IV or Orally
  • very narrow spectrum gram +ve (staph and strep only)
  • MRSA is resistant to flucloxacillin
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19
Q

Piperacillin/tazobactam

A
  • IV only
  • Very wide spectrum (gram -ve and +ve)
  • resistant to beta lactamases
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20
Q

Temocillin

A
  • IV only
  • Gram negative spectrum
  • Restricted to coliforms
  • Resistant to extended spectrum beta- lactamases
21
Q

How do cephalosporins kill bacteria?

A

They inhibit cell wall synthesis

22
Q

How are cephalosporins excreted from the body?

A

Urine

23
Q

What is the spectrum of the cephalosporins?

A
  • some have narrow gram -ve spectrum others have wide extended spectrum
24
Q

What are the benefits of cephalosporins?

A
  • Broad spectrum
  • More resistant to beta lactamases
  • longer half life in plasma
  • have few side effects and reduced allergy
25
Q

Why does NHS tayside hardly ever prescribe cephalosporins?

A
  • They significantly affect normal bowel flora as they can kill normal gut bacteria and allow overgrowth of C.Diff
26
Q

Family of antibiotics which are non beta lactam antibiotics which target cell walls?

A
  • Glycopeptides
27
Q

Examples of Glycopeptides?

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Teicoplanin
28
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • IV administration
  • narrow spectrum (gram +ve only)
  • Excreted via urine
29
Q

Why is vancomycin dangerous In patients that have kidney failure?

A

Toxic levels can build up in blood, causing further kindey damage.

30
Q

How do protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics work?

A
  • attach to bacterial ribosomes which are structurally different from mammalian ribosomes
31
Q

Are most protein synthesis inhibitiing antibiotics bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

32
Q

What are the 3 main families of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics?

A
  • Macrolides
  • tetracyclines
  • aminoglycosides
33
Q

Example of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin

34
Q

Example of tetracyclines?

A

Deoxycycline

35
Q

Example of aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin

36
Q

Gentamicin

A
  • Usually given IV and rarely IM
  • bacteriocidal
  • Gram -ve spectrum
  • used tp treat life threatening gram -ve infections
37
Q

What is the danger of prescribing gentamicin?

A

It can be toxic and cause kidney damage so blood monitoring is required

38
Q

Tetracycline

A
  • Oral administration
  • Broad spectrum, useful against intracellular bacteria
39
Q

Downfalls of prescribing tetracyclines?

A
  • Resistance increases the more it’s used
  • destruction of normal intestinal flora increases likelihood of secondary infection.
40
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • commonly prescribed due to penicillin allergy
  • IV administration
  • Gram -ve spectrum
  • excreted via liver, biliary tract and gut
41
Q

Which antibiotics target nucleic acids?

A
  • fluoroquinalones
  • metronidazole
  • trimethoprim
41
Q

What type of microorganism are fluoroquinalones effective against?

A

gram -ve and gram +ve bacteria

42
Q

What type of microorganisms are metronidazole effective against?

A

Anaerobes/protozoa

43
Q

What type of infection is trimethoprim commonly prescribed for?

A

UTI

44
Q

Ciprofloxacin (quinolone)

A
  • IV and oral
  • Broad spectrum
  • largely gram -ve activity
45
Q

why is ciprofloxacin dangerous for elderly patients?

A

c difficile infection is common

46
Q

Trimethoprim

A
  • Activity against some gram -ve and some gram +ve bacteria
  • oral administration
  • common for Urinary tract infections
47
Q

What are the 4C’s which could cause c difficile?

A
  • cephalosporins
  • co-amoxiclav
  • ciprofloxacin
  • clindamycin
48
Q

Why are some antibiotics given in combinations?

A
  • to cover broad range of possible infecting organisms
  • to prevent resistance

Microbiology FOM 1 (4 decks)

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