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Ecol 182 Midterm 2 > Systematics and Phylogenies > Flashcards

Systematics and Phylogenies Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

A way to organize organisms.

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2
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Ranks?

A
  1. Kingdom
  2. Family
  3. Genus
  4. Species
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3
Q

What is Nomenclature?

A

A way to describe organisms.

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4
Q

What is the polynomial Method?

A

An outdated method that basically lists off all physical attributes of an organism/plant.

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5
Q

What is the Binomial Method?

A

a current method used to name a species.

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6
Q

What does the binomial method contain?

A
  1. Genus
  2. specific epithet
  3. Author
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7
Q

Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb.

A

A bionomial method example

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8
Q

What will always be uppercase when reading off a species?

A

Genus

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9
Q

What will always be lowercased when reading off a species?

A

species

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10
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

a diagram that shows the lines of evolutionary decent from a Common Ancestor.

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11
Q

What will always be at the bottom of a phylogenetic tree?

A

The common ancestors, a species or population at one point in time.

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12
Q

What will always be at the top of a phylogenetic tree?

A

The present species

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13
Q

What is a split between two lines called on a phylogenetic tree?

A

A node

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14
Q

What is a lineage on a phylogenetic tree?

A

The line leading up to the node.

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15
Q

What does each node represent?

A

A speciation event

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16
Q

How does a phylogenetic tree grow?

A

As lineages continue to split, new traits arise while some of the past traits are lost.

17
Q

What is the first line in a phylogenetic tree containing evolutionary decent called?

A

A “root” or basal

18
Q

What does it mean if two branches on a phylogenetic tree are close?

A

They have a more recent common ancestor

19
Q

What happens if you rotate the branch on a phylogenetic tree? Does the information it carries change?

A

NO! It doesn’t matter if you rotate a branch, it will still be the same tree and the information does NOT change.

20
Q

What are PLANT phylogenetic trees based on?

A

DNA, shared characteristics, and fossil evidence

21
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

the most recent common ancestor and ALL its decendents

22
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

the most recent common ancestor and SOME of its descendents

23
Q

What is a monophyletic group called, and what does it look like on a phylogenetic tree?

A

It is called a CLADE, and it is usually the tips of each branch. Usually the triangle.

24
Q

What is a Non-monophyletic group called and what does it look like on a phylogenetic tree?

A

It is called a GRADE, and usually the branches on a linage is parallel to each other.

25
Q

What does MONO mean?

A

One

26
Q

What does PARA mean?

A

TWO

27
Q

POLYphyletic?

A

NO shared common ancestors, but has similar charecteristics.

28
Q

PARAphyletic?

A

SOME descendants and has common ancestors.

Ecol 182 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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