systematics

Question 1

taxonomy–carl linnaeus

Answer 1

 Began with polynomial system that was insufficient b/c ____ the developed binomial system
* Genus–The taxonomic group between family and species; genera include one or more species. Also, generic name
* Specific epithet–second part of a species name
* Printed in italics or underlined

Question 2

hierarchy

Answer 2

genera–>family–>order

Question 3

old vs new classifications of plants

Answer 3

• earlier classifications based on appearance and habits
• Linnaeus used sexual system
  o 24 classes based on # and arrangement of the stamens in each flower—artificial system
• Then phylogeny—appearance, habit, and evolutionary history
  o Based on natural classifications drawn to phylogenetic trees which show genealogic relationships b/w taxa as hypothesized by an investigator

Question 4

monophyletic group

Answer 4

o An ancestor with all its descendants

Question 5

paraphyletic group

Answer 5

Common ancestor but not all descendants of that ancestor

Question 6

polyphyletic group

Answer 6

o Group with two or more ancestors, not including the true common ancestor of its members

Question 7

homologous

Answer 7

o Structure with common origin (evolutionary) but not common function
o Featured on evolutionary history

Question 8

analogous

Answer 8

o Similar function and appearance but different evolutionary history
o Result of convergent evolution
 independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in similar environments
* wings on bird and insect

Question 9

shared derived characters

Answer 9

o States that arose in the common ancestor of the group and are present in all of its members

Question 10

outgroup

Answer 10

o Taxon closely related to but no a member of the study group—the ingroup
o Character states closely related to the outgroup are ancestral
o Character states absent in the outgroup are derived

Question 11

chloroplast

Answer 11

• Genome is circular molecule of DNA as well as mitochondria

Question 12

domain archaea

Answer 12

more closely related to the Eukarya domain, which consists entirely of eukaryotes, than they are to the Bacteria.

Question 13

domain eukarya

Answer 13

o The Fungi kingdom includes multicellular, nonmotile absorbers
o Animalia kingdom consists primarily of multicellular ingesters
o Plantae kingdom includes multicellular photosynthesizers.
o The protists are a paraphyletic group that includes a very heterogeneous assemblage of unicellular, colonial, and simple multicellular organisms

Question 14

endosymbiosis

Answer 14

• Mitochondria and chloroplast are descendants of bacteria and were taken up by the host cell
  o Ancestors are endosymbionts—organism that lives within another
  o Mitochondria ancestor alpha-proteobacterium and chloroplast—cyanobacterial for algae and land plants from green algae
• Primary endosymbiosis, cyanobacterial cells ingested by the eukaryotic host evolve into primary plastids, which is bounded by an envelope consisting of two membranes

Question 15

genesis of the nucleus

Answer 15

• Infolding of the plasma membrane
  o DNA of the endosymbiont and many of its functions were gradually transferred to the host’s nucleus.

Question 16

principle of parsimony

Answer 16

o Cladogram should be made in the simplest, least complex way
o Greatest # of homology and the fewest of analogy