Systematic Carbon Chemistry, Alcohols and Carboxylic acids Flashcards
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.
What is an isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula and different structural formula.
Alkanes general formula:
CnH2n+2
Alkenes general formula:
CnH2n
Cycloalkanes general formula:
CnH2n
Cycloalkenes general formula:
CnH2n-2
What are alcohols containing 2 hydroxyl groups called?
Diols
What are alcohols containing 3 hydroxyl groups called?
Triols
Where is the hydroxyl group in a primary alcohol?
At the end of the carbon chain.
Where is the hydroxyl group in a secondary alcohol?
In the middle of the carbon chain.
Where is the hydroxyl group in a tertiary alcohol?
On the same carbon atom as a branch, bonded to a carbon, which is bonded the three other carbons.
What does the oxidation of a primary alcohol make?
Example of one…
An aldehyde. Propanal
What does the oxidation of a secondary alcohol make?
Example of one…
A ketone. Propanone
What does the oxidation of a tertiary alcohol make?
Nothing, they don’t react easily.
What does the oxidation of an aldehyde make?
Example of one…
A carboxylic acid. Propanoic acid.
Functional group of an alcohol…
Hydroxyl.
Functional group of an aldedyde and a ketone…
Carbonyl
Functional group of a carboxylic acid…
Carboxyl
Alcohol Properties:
Flammable.
Low melting point/boiling point mostly liquids at room temperature.
Hydrogen Bonding
pH - solutions of alcohols are neutral
Properties of Carboxylic acids:
They partially dissociate to form H+ ions and Carboxylate ions.
What does, carboxylic acid + metal oxide form?
Example:
Carboxylate salt + water
Ethanoic acid + Copper(II) oxide → copper ethanoate + water
What does, carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide form?
Example:
Carboxylate salt + water
Methanoic acid + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium Methanoate + water
What does, carboxylic acid + metal carbonate form?
Example:
Carboxylate salt + water + carbon dioxide
propanoic acid + calcium carbonate → calcium propanoate + water + carbon dioxide
Colour change for acidified potassium dichromate.
From orange to green.
Colour change for Benedict’s/Fehling’s Solution.
From blue to brick red.
Colour change for Tollens reagent.
From colourless to silver(mirror)
Colour change for copper oxide.
From Black to red.
What are many flavour molecules?
Aldehydes.
Volatility meaning:
How easily something evaporates.
What are Antioxidants?
Antioxidants are molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation reactions ocurring. They are easily oxidised, and oxidise in place of the compounds they have been added to protect. Since they are easily oxidised, antioxidants are reducing agents.
What happens to edible fats and oils if they oxidise?
They become rancid.
What does immiscible mean?
Liquids which have little or no mutual solubility.
Oils are immiscible with water.
