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A level Chemistry OCR > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A

X2, UV light, free radical substitution

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2
Q

Haloalkane to Amine

A

Excess ethnanolic ammonia (or amines)

Heat

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3
Q

Haloalkane to Nitrile

A

NaCN or KCN,
Ethanol,
Reflux
Nucleophilic substitution

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4
Q

Nitrile to Amine

A

LiAlH4, Then dilute acid. (Lab) - reduction

Or Na and ethanol, reflux.

Or H2, Ni/pt catalyst, high temp and pressure (Industry) - catalytic hydrogenation

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5
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl, reflux (hydrolysis)

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6
Q

Hydroxynitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4, Then dilute acid. (Lab) - reduction

Or Na and ethanol, reflux.

Or H2, Ni/pt catalyst, high temp and pressure (Industry) - catalytic hydrogenation

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7
Q

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl, reflux (Hydrolysis)

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8
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

H2, nickel catalyst, 150℃

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9
Q

Alkene to dihaloalkane

A

X2, 20℃

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10
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, 300℃, 60-70atm

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11
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4, 170℃

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12
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

Warm NaOH OR KOH, H2O, reflux

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13
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A

NaX, H2SO4, 20℃

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14
Q

Alcohol to Ester

A

Carboxylic acid, acid catalyst, heat. - esterification

OR acyl chloride.
Or acid anhydride

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15
Q

Ester to alcohol

A

Dilute acid or alkali,
Reflux
-hydrolosis

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16
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde/ketone

A

Acidified potassium dichromate, heat

17
Q

Aldehyde/ketone to Alcohol

A

NaBH4 then water - aldehyde gives primary, ketone give secondary

18
Q

Aldehyde/Ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN

-Nucleophilic addition

19
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

Acidified potassium dichromate, reflux

Oxidation

20
Q

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl,

Reflux

21
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester

A

Alcohol,
Acid catalyst
Heat

22
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute acid or alkali,

Reflux

23
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

SOCl2

24
Q

Acylc chloride to carboxylic acid

A

Cold H2O

25
Q

Acyl chloride to amide

A

NH3, 20℃ (to make primary amide)

Amine, 20℃ (to make secondary amide)

26
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

A

Alcohol, 20℃

27
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene

A

conc. HN03
conc.H2SO4
warm

28
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

A

Tin, conc. HCl reflux then NaOH

29
Q

Benzene to Halobenzene

A

X2,
AlCl3 catalyst,
warm

30
Q

Benzene to Alkyl Benzene

A

Haloalkane AlCl3 catalyst

reflux

31
Q

Benzene to phenylketone

A

Acyl chloride
AlCl3 catalyst
reflux

32
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol

A 
Bromine water (Br2)
20℃
33
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide

A

NaOH

20℃

34
Q

Phenol to phenyl esters

A

acyl chloride

20℃

35
Q

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol, or 4 nitrophenol

A

Dilute HN03,

20℃

A level Chemistry OCR (15 decks)

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