Synthetic Routes

Question 1

Alkane to alkene

Answer 1

Cracking

Question 2

Alkene to alkane

Answer 2

Addition reaction

H2, Ni catalyst, 150*C

Question 3

Alkane to haloalkane

Answer 3

Substitution reaction

Halogen and UV light

Question 4

Alkene to haloalkane

Answer 4

Addition reaction

Hydrogen halide, room temp/20 degrees

Question 5

Haloalkane to alkene

Answer 5

Elimination reaction

Hot, conc KOH, alcoholic solution

Question 6

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 6

Substitution reaction

Warm NaOH or KOH, H2O, reflux

Question 7

Haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 7

Substitution reaction

KCN or NaCN, ethanolic solution, reflux

Question 8

Haloalkane to Amine

Answer 8

Substitution reaction
Conc NH3, heated in sealed tube
(Excess ethanolic ammonia, heat)

Question 9

Nitrile to amine

Answer 9

Reduction reaction

LiAlH4 then dilute acid OR Na and ethanol, reflux OR H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temperature and pressure

Question 10

Amide to amine

Answer 10

Reduction reaction

LiAlH4

Question 11

Amide to Nitrile

Answer 11

Elimination reaction

P2O5, distillation

Question 12

Nitrile to Amide

Answer 12

Hydrolysis,

H2O, Acid/base catalyst

Question 13

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 13

Hydrolysis

Dilute HCl, reflux

Question 14

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 14

Substitution reaction,

SOCl2 or PCl3, reflux

Question 15

Acyl chloride to amide

Answer 15

Acylation

Conc NH2, room temp

Question 16

Amide to Carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Hydrolysis

H2SO4, heat

Question 17

Carboxylic acid to alcohol

Answer 17

Reduction

LiAlH4

Question 18

Alcohol to Carboxylic acid

Answer 18

Oxidation reaction

Cr2O7(2-), H+, reflux

Question 19

Alcohol to alkene

Answer 19

Elimination reaction,

Conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4, 170 degrees

Question 20

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 20

Addition reaction

Conc H3PO4, steam, 300*C 60atm

Question 21

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 21

Oxidation reaction

Cr2O7(2-), H+, reflux

Question 22

Alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 22

Oxidation reaction,

Cr2O7(2-), H+, distillation

Question 23

Ketone to alcohol

Answer 23

Reduction reaction

NaBH4 or LiAlH4

Question 24

Aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 24

Reduction reaction

NaBH4 or LiAlH4

Question 25

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 25

Oxidation reaction | CR2O7(2-), H+, reflux

Question 26

Aldehyde to amine

Answer 26

Substitution reaction | LiAlH4, the dilute nitric acid. OR Na and ethanol, reflux. Or H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp and pressure

Question 27

Acyl chloride to ester

Answer 27

Acylation reaction | Alcohol, room temp/20 degrees

Question 28

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 28

Hydrolysis reaction | Cold H2O

Question 29

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Answer 29

Addition reaction | HCN

Question 30

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 30

Oxidation | Dilute HCl, reflux

Question 31

Carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 31

Esterification reaction | Alcohol, acid catalyst, heat

Question 32

Ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 32

Hydrolysis reaction | Dilute acid or alkali, reflux