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Chemistry A2 Rafa > Keywords > Flashcards

Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

the mass of an atom compared to 1/12th mass of carbon-12

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2
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

the weighted mean mass compared to 1/12th the mass of carbon -12

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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4
Q

Molar mass

A

mass per mole, units gmol-1

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5
Q

Mole

A

the unit of amount of substance, 1 mole is 6.02 x 10^23 particles

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6
Q

Acid

A

Releases H+ in aqueous solution

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7
Q

Alkali

A

A soluble base that releases OH- ions in aqueous solution

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8
Q

Strong acid

A

Fully dissociates in solution

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9
Q

Weak acid

A

Partially dissociates in solution

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10
Q

Orbital

A

Region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins

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11
Q

Disproportiation

A

oxidation and reduction of the same element

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12
Q

First ionisation energy

A

the energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms

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13
Q

Ionic bonding

A

the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

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14
Q

Covalent bonding

A

strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

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15
Q

Polar molecule

A

has polar bonds with dipoles that do not cancel due to their direction

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16
Q

Metallic bonding

A

the electrostatic attraction between positively charged metal ions and the sea of delocalised electrons

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17
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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18
Q

Standard states

A

physical states under standard conditions

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19
Q

Standard conditions

A 
pressure = 100 kPa
temp = 298K
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20
Q

Enthalpy change of formation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its element s in their standard states

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21
Q

Enthalpy change of combustion

A

The enthalpy change for the complete combustion of one mole of substance

22
Q

Enthalpy change of neutralisation

A

The enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mole of water from neutralisation

23
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum energy required for a reaction to take place

24
Q

Homologous series

A

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by -CH2

25
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

26
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Breaking a covalent bond to form two radicals

27
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Breaking a covalent bond to form two oppositely chared ions

28
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

an example of stereoismoerism, due to restricted rotation about a double bond and two different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group

29
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

a special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same

30
Q

Electrophile

A

electron pair acceptor

31
Q

Nucleophile

A

electron pair donor

32
Q

Homogeneous catalyst

A

A catalyst in the same state as the reactants (usually in solutions)

33
Q

Heterogeneous catalyst

A

A catalyst in different state to the reactants (usually a solid catalyst with reactants in solution or gas)

34
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants and products do not change in a closed system

35
Q

Catalyst

A

chemical that increases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions in an equilibrium by the same amount resulting in an unchanged position of equilibrium

36
Q

sigma bond

A

overlap of s orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

37
Q

Pi bond

A

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

38
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

39
Q

Curly arrow

A

shows the movement of an electron pair in a reaction

40
Q

Rate of reaction

A

the rate at which the concentration of a reactant or product is formed/used

41
Q

Half-life

A

the time taken for the concentration of a reactant to half

42
Q

Rate determining step

A

the slowst step in a multistep reaction

43
Q

Bronsted-Lowry acid

A

species that donates a proton

44
Q

Bronsted-Lowry base

A

species that accepts a proton

45
Q

Buffer solution

A

a system that minimises pH changes on the addition of small amounts oof an acid orbase

46
Q

Lattice enthalpy

A

enthalpy change of the formation of 1 mole of ionic lattice from gaseous ions

47
Q

Enthalpy change of solution

A

enthalpy change for dissolving 1 mol of gaseous ions in water

48
Q

Oxidising agent

A

a chemical that is reduced and oxidises another species

49
Q

Reducing agent

A

the chemical that is oxidised and reduces another species

50
Q

Standard (redox) electron potential

A

the voltage produced when a half cell is connected to a standard hydrogen half cell under standard conditions

51
Q

Ligand

A

species that donates a pair of electrons forming a coordinate/dative covalent bond to a metal ion

52
Q

Optical isomer

A

non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre

Chemistry A2 Rafa (8 decks)

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