Synthetic routes Flashcards
What are the reactions of alkanes?
They form haloalkanes with a halogen and UV light.
Avoid using this reaction in synthetic routes because it is unpredictable.
What are the reactions of haloalkanes?
They form alcohols with aqueous NaOH.
They form nitriles with CN^- and ethanol.
They form amines with NH3 and ethanol.
What are the reactions of alcohols?
They form alkenes with H3PO4 or H2SO4 and heat.
They form aldehydes or ketones with K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 whilst heating under distillation or reflux.
They form esters with a carboxylic acid and concentrated H2SO4 or with an acid anhydride.
What are the reactions of alkenes?
They form alkanes with H2, a nickel catalyst and temperatures of 150°C.
They form haloalkanes with a hydrogen halide.
They form alcohols with H2O (g) and H3PO4.
What are the reactions of nitriles?
They form amines with H2, a nickel catalyst and 150°C.
They form carboxylic acids with H2O and HCl and heat.
What are the reactions of amines?
Nothing.
What are the reactions of aldehydes?
They can form alcohols with NaBH4.
They can from carboxylic acids with K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 under reflux.
They can form hydroxynitriles with NaCN (aq) and H^+(aq).
What are the reactions of carboxylic acids?
They can form esters with alcohol and concentrated H2SO4.
They can form acyl chlorides with SOCl2.
What are the reactions of esters?
They can form carboxylic acids with dilute acid and heat.
They can form carboxylates with OH^- and heat.
What are the reactions of carboxylates?
Nothing.
What are the reactions of ketones?
They can form alcohols with NaBH4.
They can form hydroxynitriles with NaCN (aq) and H^+ (aq).
What are the reactions of hydroxynitriles?
They can form amines with H2, a nickel catalyst and 150°C.
They can form carboxylic acids with H2O, HCl and heat.
What are the reactions of acyl chlorides?
They can form esters with alcohols.
They can form carboxylic acids with H2O.
They can form primary amides with NH3.
They can form secondary amides with primary amines.
What are the reactions of amines?
Nothing.
What are the reactions of benzene?
Benzene forms nitrobenzene with concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4.
Nitrobenzene forms amino benzene with tin and concentrated HCl.
Aminobenzene forms 2,4,6-tribromoaminobenzene.
Benzene forms halo benzene with X2 and AlX3 (or Fe or FeX3).
Benzene form methylbenzene with methyl chloride and AlCl3.
Benzene forms phenylethanone with CH3COCl and AlCl3.
Phenylethanone forms Phenylethanol with NaBH4.
