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A Level Chemistry > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A

X2 (halogen)
UV light

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2
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

Warm NaOH or KOH, H2O
Reflux

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3
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A

NaX, H2SO4
20°C

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4
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde

A

K2CrO7, H2SO4
Heat primary alcohol in distillation apparatus

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5
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

K2CrO7, H2SO4
Reflux

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6
Q

Alkene to dihaloalkane

A

X2 (halogen molecule)
20°C

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7
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Steam, H3PO4 catalyst
300°C, 60-70 atm

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8
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Conc H2SO4 or H3PO4
Heat

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9
Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

HX
20°C

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10
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

H2, nickel catalyst
150°C

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11
Q

Alcohol to ketone

A

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
Heat secondary alcohol in reflux apparatus

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12
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

NaCN or KCN
Ethanol
Reflux

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13
Q

Haloalkane to amine

A

Excess ethanolic NH3 (or amines)
Heat

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14
Q

Nitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 then dilute acid
Or Na and ethanol, reflux
Or H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temperature and pressure

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15
Q

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl
Reflux

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16
Q

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl
Reflux

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17
Q

Ketone to 2° alcohol

A

NaBH4 then water

18
Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN or NaCN

19
Q

Ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN or HCN

20
Q

Hydroxynitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 then dilute acid
Or Na and ethanol, reflux
Or H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp and pressure

21
Q

Aldehyde to 1° alcohol

A

NaBH4 then water

22
Q

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
Reflux

23
Q

Alcohol to ester

A

Carboxylic acid, H2SO4 catalyst, heat
Or acyl chloride
Or acid anhydride

24
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester

A

Alcohol, H+ (acid) catalyst
Heat

25
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute acid or alkali
Reflux

26
Q

Ester to carboxylate

A

OH-
Heat

27
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

A

Alcohol
20°C

28
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

SOCl2

29
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A

Cold H2O

30
Q

Acyl chloride to 1° amide

A

NH3
20°

31
Q

Acyl chloride to 2° amide

A

Primary amine
20°

32
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene

A

Conc HNO3
Conc H2SO4
Warm

33
Q

Benzene to halobenzene

A

X2
AlCl3 catalyst
Warm

34
Q

Benzene to alkyl benzene

A

Haloalkane
AlCl3 catalyst
Reflux

35
Q

Benzene to phenylketone

A

Acyl chloride
AlCl3 catalyst
Reflux

36
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

A

Tin
Conc HCl
Reflux then add NaOH

37
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide

A

NaOH
20°

38
Q

Phenol to phenyl ester

A

Acyl chloride
20°

39
Q

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol or 4 nitrophenol

A

Dilute HNO3
20°

40
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6 tribromophenol

A

Bromine water (Br2)
20°

41
Q

Methyl benzene to benzoic acid

A

Alkaline MnO4
H2SO4

A Level Chemistry (15 decks)

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