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Chemistry > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane —> Haloalkane (+ Hydrogen halide)

A

Free radical substitution
+ Halogen
UV light

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2
Q

Alkene —> Alkane

A

Hydrogenation
+ H2
Nickel catalyst at 423K

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3
Q

Alkene —> Polymer

A

Addition polymerisation

High temperature and pressure

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4
Q

Alkene —> Alcohol

A

Electrophilic addition
+H2O (steam)
H3PO4 catalyst

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5
Q

Alcohol —> Alkene (+ H2O)

A

Dehydration

H2SO4 catalyst

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6
Q

Alcohol —> Aldehyde (+ H2O)

A

Oxidation
Primary alcohol + [O]
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Distill

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7
Q

Alcohol —> Carboxylic acid (+ H2O)

A

Oxidation
Primary alcohol + 2[O]
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Reflux

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8
Q

Alcohol —> Ketone (+ H2O)

A

Oxidation
Secondary alcohol + [O]
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Reflux

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9
Q

Alkene —> Haloalkane 1

A

Addition

+ Halogen

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10
Q

Alkene —> Haloalkane 2

A

Electrophilic addition
+ Hydrogen halide
Major and minor products

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11
Q

Alcohol —> Haloalkane (+ H2O), (2 Parts)

A

Part 1: Need to form hydrogen halide first using sodium halide and any acid.

Substitution
Reflux
Sodium halide + Acid —> Sodium salt + Hydrogen halide

Part 2: Combine alcohol and hydrogen halide to form haloalkane.

Substitution
Reflux
Alcohol + Hydrogen halide —> Haloalkane + H2O

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12
Q

Haloalkane —> Alcohol (+ Sodium halide)

A

Nucleophilic substitution
+ Sodium hydroxide
Reflux

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13
Q

Aldehyde —> Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation
+ [O]
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Reflux

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14
Q

Aldehyde —> P Alcohol

A

Reduction
+2[H]
Warmed with NaBH4

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15
Q

Ketone —> S Alcohol

A

Reduction
+2[H]
Warmed with NaBH4

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16
Q

Aldehyde —> Hydroxynitrile

A

Nucleophilic addition
+HCN
NaCN and H2SO4 to provide HCN

17
Q

Carboxylic acid —> Ester (+ H2O)

A

Esterification
+ Alcohol
H2SO4 catalyst

18
Q

Carboxylic acid —> Acyl chloride (+ SO2 + HCl)

A

Substitution

+ SOCl2, thionyl chloride

19
Q

Ester —> Carboxylic acid (+ Alcohol)

A

Acid hydrolysis
+H2O
Reflux
acid catalyst (e.g H2SO4)

20
Q

Ester —> Carboxylate (+ Alcohol)

A

Alkaline hydrolysis, saponification
+ OH- ion
Reflux

21
Q

Acyl chloride —> Ester (+ HCl)

A

Substitution

+ Alcohol

22
Q

Acyl chloride —> Carboxylic acid (+ HCl)

A

Substitution

+ H2O

23
Q

Acyl chloride —> P Amide (+ NH4Cl)

A

Nucleophilic substitution

+2NH3

24
Q

Amine —> S Amide (+ CH3NH3+Cl-, methylammonium chloride)

A

Nucleophilic substitution

+Acyl chloride

25
Q

Acid anhydride —> Ester (+ Carboxylic acid)

26
Q

Haloalkane —> Ammonium halide salt

Ammonium halide salt —> P Amine (+ Salt + H2O)

A

Part 1: Combining haloalkane with ammonia to form ammonium halide salt.

Addition
+NH3

Part 2: Combining ammonium halide salt with sodium hydroxide to form primary amine

Substitution
+NaOH

Conditions:
Ethanol solvent because water would react with haloalkane to form alcohol.

Excess ammonia to prevent formation of secondary/tertiary amines.

27
Q

Haloalkane —> S Amine

Chemistry (20 decks)

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